Editing History of Algeria (section)

=== Maghrawa Dynasty ===
{{main|Maghrawid Dynasty}}The Maghrawa or Meghrawa ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: '''المغراويون''') were a large [[Zenata]] [[Berber people|Berber]] tribal [[confederation]] whose cradle and seat of power was the territory located on the [[Chlef]] in the north-western part of today's [[Algeria]], bounded by the [[Ouarsenis]] to the south, the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north and [[Tlemcen]] to the west. They ruled these areas on behalf of the ''[[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]]'' [[Caliphate of Cordoba]] at the end of the 10th century and during the first half of the 11th century. The [[Maghrawa]] confederation of [[Zenata|zanata]] Berbers supposedly originated in the region of modern [[Algeria]] between Tlemcen and Tenes.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Park |first1=Thomas K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KiCl5-MxMMC |title=Historical Dictionary of Morocco |last2=Boum |first2=Aomar |date=2006-01-16 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6511-2 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Maghrawa Dynasty.jpg|thumb|Lands controlled by the Maghrawa in the first half of the 11th century]]The confederation of Maghrawa were the majority people of the central Maghreb among the [[Zenata]] ([[Gaetuli]]). Both nomadic and sedentary, the Maghrawa lived under the command of Maghrawa chiefs or Zenata. Algiers has been the territory of the Maghrawa since ancient times.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mercier |first=Ernest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IX_LQF1FcCEC |title=Histoire de l'Afrique Septentrionale (Berbérie) Depuis les Temps les Plus Reculés Jusqu'à la Conquête Française (1830) |year=1999 |publisher=Adegi Graphics LLC |isbn=978-1-4212-5345-9 |language=fr}}</ref> The name Maghrawa was transcribed into Greek by historians. The great kingdom of the Maghrawa was located between Algiers, [[Cherchell]], Ténès, Chlef, Miliana and [[Médéa]]. The Maghrawa imposed their domination in the Aurès.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mercier |first=Ernest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IX_LQF1FcCEC&pg=PA187 |title=Histoire de l'Afrique Septentrionale (Berbérie) Depuis les Temps les Plus Reculés Jusqu'à la Conquête Française (1830) |year=1999 |publisher=Adegi Graphics LLC |isbn=978-1-4212-5345-9 |language=fr}}</ref><sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Chronological items|when?]]'']</sup> Chlef and its surroundings were populated by the Maghrawa according to [[Ibn Khaldun]].<ref name="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun, History of Berber</ref> The Maghrawa settled and extended their domination throughout the [[Dahra Range|Dahra]] and beyond Miliana to the [[Tafna Beni Saf|Tafna wadi]] near Tlemcen,<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Chronological items|when?]]'']</sup> and were found as far away as [[Mali]].<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>

The Maghrawa were one of the first Berber tribes to submit to [[Islam]] in the 7th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ilahiane |first=Hsain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRYuDgAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) |date=2017-03-27 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-8182-0 |language=en}}</ref> They supported [[Uqba ibn Nafi]] in his campaign to the [[Atlantic]] in 683. They defected from [[Sunni Islam]] and became [[Kharijites|Kharijite]] Muslims from the 8th century, and allied first with the [[Idrisid]]s, and, from the 10th century on, with the [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Umayyads of Córdoba]] in [[Al-Andalus]]. As a result, they were caught up in the Umayyad-[[Fatimid]] conflict in [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]]. Although they won a victory over the allies of the Fatimids in 924, they soon allied with them. When they switched back to the side of Córdoba, the [[Zirids]] briefly took control over most of Morocco,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naylor |first=Phillip C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rN-EBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |title=North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present |date=2015-01-15 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-76190-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ibn Khaldoun" /> and ruled on behalf of the Fatimids. In 976/977 the Maghrawa conquered Sijilmasa from the [[Midrarid dynasty|Banu Midrar]],<ref name="Boum-2016">{{Cite book |last1=Boum |first1=Aomar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glgzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA319 |title=Historical Dictionary of Morocco |last2=Park |first2=Thomas K. |date=2016-06-02 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-6297-3 |language=en}}</ref> and in 980 were able to drive the [[Miknasa]] out of [[Sijilmasa]] as well.<ref name="Ibn Khaldoun" />

The Maghrawa reached their peak under [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]] (to 1001), who achieved supremacy in [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] under Umayyad [[suzerainty]], and expanded their territory at the expense of the [[Banu Ifran]] in the northern Maghreb – another Zenata tribe whose alliances had shifted often between the Fatimids and the Umayyads of Córdoba.<ref name="Golvin-1957">{{Cite book |last=Golvin |first=Lucien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6YwAAAAMAAJ |title=Le Magrib central à l'époque des Zirides: recherches d'archéologie et d'histoire |date=1957 |publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques |language=fr}}</ref> Ziri ibn Atiyya conquered as much as he could of what is now northern Morocco and was able to achieve supremacy in Fez by 987.<ref name="Boum-2016"/> In 989 he defeated his enemy, Abu al-Bahār, which resulted in Ziri ruling from [[M'zab|Zab]] to [[Sous]] Al-Aqsa, in 991 achieving supremacy in the western Maghreb.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141 |title=Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès |date=1860 |publisher=Impr. Impériale |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Boum-2016"/> As a result of his victory he was invited to Córdoba by [[Almanzor|Ibn Abi 'Amir al-Mansur]] (also [[Latinisation of names|Latinized]] as Almanzor), the [[regent]] of Caliph [[Hisham II]] and ''de facto'' ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba.<ref name="Ibn Khaldoun" /> Ziri brought many gifts and Al-Mansur housed him in a lavish palace, but Ziri soon returned to North Africa.<ref name="Kennedy-2014">{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL38289098M/Muslim_Spain_and_Portugal |title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus |date=2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-317-87041-8|ol=38289098M }}</ref><ref name="Golvin-1957" /> The Banu Ifran took advantage of his absence and, under Yaddū, managed to capture Fez.<ref name="Ibn Khaldoun" /><sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citing sources#What information to include|full citation needed]]'']</sup> After a bloody struggle, Ziri reconquered Fez in 993 and displayed Yaddū's severed head on its walls.<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>

A period of peace followed, in which Ziri founded the city of [[Oujda]] in 994 and made it his capital.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ricard |first=Prosper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzcMAQAAIAAJ |title=Maroc |date=1950 |publisher=Hachette |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Golvin-1957" /> However, Ziri was loyal to the Umayyad caliphs in Cordoba and increasingly resented the way that Ibn Abi 'Amir was holding Hisham II captive while progressively usurping his power. In 997 Ziri rejected Ibn Abi 'Amir's authority and declared himself a direct supporter of Caliph Hisham II.<ref name="Kennedy-2014" /><ref name="Golvin-1957" /> Ibn Abi 'Amir sent an invasion force to Morocco.<ref name="Kennedy-2014" /> After three unsuccessful months, Ibn Abi 'Amir's army was forced to retreat to the safety of [[Tangiers]], so Ibn Abi 'Amir sent a powerful reinforcements under his son [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]].<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup> The armies clashed near Tangiers, and in this battle, Ziri was stabbed by an African soldier who reported to Abd al-Malik that he had seriously wounded the Zenata leader. Abd al-Malik pressed home the advantage, and the wounded Ziri fled, hotly pursued by the Caliph's army. The inhabitants of Fez would not let him enter the city, but opened the gates to Abd al-Malik on 13 October 998. Ziri fled to the Sahara, where he rallied the Zenata tribes and overthrew the unpopular remnants of the [[Idrisid dynasty]] at [[Tiaret]]. He was able to expand his territory to include Tlemcen and other parts of western Algeria, this time under Fatimid protection. Ziri died in 1001 of the after-effects of the stab wounds. He was succeeded by his son Al-Mu'izz, who made peace with Al-Mansur, and regained possession of all his father's former territories.<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>

A revolt against the Andalusian Umayyads was put down by Ibn Abi 'Amir, although the Maghrawa were able to regain power in Fez. Under the succeeding rulers al-Muizz (1001–1026), Hamman (1026–1039) and Dunas (1039), they consolidated their rule in northern and central Morocco.<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>

Internal power struggles after 1060 enabled the [[Almoravid dynasty]] to conquer the Maghrawa realm in 1070 and put an end to their rule. In the mid 11th century the Maghrawa still controlled most of Morocco, notably most of the Sous and [[Draa River]] area as well as [[Aghmat]], Fez and Sijilmasa.<ref name="Boum-2016" /> Later, Zenata power declined. The Maghrawa and Banu Ifran began oppressing their subjects, shedding their blood, violating their women, breaking into homes to seize food and depriving traders of their goods. Anyone who tried to ward them off was killed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Willis |first=John Ralph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52mbA5bGB_cC&pg=PA94 |title=Studies in West African Islamic History |date=1979 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7146-1737-4 |language=en}}</ref>