Editing Hijab (section)

== Dress code in sharia ==
{{see also|Awrah|Islam and gender segregation}}
[[File:Woman in Tunisia.jpg|thumb|alt=Smiling woman outdoors wearing a brightly coloured headscarf and embroidered clothing|A Tunisian woman wearing a hijab]]
[[Fiqh|Classical fiqh]] have differed as how to understand Qur'anic verses on clothing; Sunni<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldenziel |first=Jill |date=2012 |title=Veils, Politics, and Constitutionalism |url=https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1154&context=schmooze_papers |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=University of Maryland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hijab In Islam: What Is It, Is It Obligatory And Why? - Riwaq Al Quran |url=https://riwaqalquran.com/blog/hijab-in-islam/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Note|The International Union of Muslim Scholars, a group consisting of Sunni scholars from across fifteen countries, also has discerned hijab is required in its Arabic language decrees.}} and Shia<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rizvi |first=Sa'eed |date=2012-10-16 |title=Hijab, The Dress of Modesty in Islam |url=https://www.al-islam.org/articles/hijab-dress-modesty-islam-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=www.al-islam.org |language=en}}</ref> scholars say hijab is mandatory, while Ismaili, accounting for ~0.25% of all Muslims, do not.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Houston's Shia Ismaili Women: Education and Ethics: Women & Religion VIII - University of Houston Libraries Audio/Video Repository |url=https://av.lib.uh.edu/media_objects/dz010q11b |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=av.lib.uh.edu |language=en}}</ref> Besides that traditional scholars had different opinions on covering the hands and face. [[Ulama|Muslim scholars]] usually require women to cover everything but their hands and face in public,<ref name="Glasse, Cyril 2001, p.179-180" /> but do not require the ''[[niqab]]'' (a face covering worn by some Muslim women). In nearly all Muslim cultures, pre-pubescent girls are not required to wear a hijab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim Women Network |url=https://www.mwnuk.co.uk/mediaStatmentDetail.php?id=187 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.mwnuk.co.uk}}</ref> 

In private, and in the presence of close relatives (''mahrams''), rules on dress relax. However, in the presence of the husband, most scholars stress the importance of mutual freedom and pleasure of the husband and wife.<ref>[[Heba Kotb|Heba G. Kotb M.D.]], Sexuality in Islam, PhD Thesis, Maimonides University, 2004</ref>

Some scholars argue that beyond the body of a woman, her voice is also a part of her "awrah" and should not be heard by men outside her immediate family. They cite some hadiths citing women's voices as a source of temptation and [[Fitna (word)|fitna]] (charmingness, attractiveness) and should be kept private and some verse interpretations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.islamonweb.net/is-a-womans-voice-awrah | title=Is a Woman's Voice 'Awrah'? | date=8 June 2023 }}</ref>

===Sunni===
In Sunni tradition, scholarly consensus (''ijma''<nowiki/>') has discerned hijab is mandatory.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karimah |first=Shaykha Marzuqa |date=2022-01-19 |title=Hijab And Jilbab In the Quran: On The Hermeneutics Of The Quranic Verse Of Khimar |url=https://muslimmatters.org/2022/01/19/hijab-jilbab-hermeneutics-of-the-quran-verse-khimar/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=MuslimMatters.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alkiek |first=Tesneem |title=Is Hijab Religious or Cultural? How Islamic Rulings Are Formed |url=https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/is-hijab-religious-or-cultural-how-islamic-rulings-are-formed |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research |language=en}}</ref> The four major [[madhhab|Sunni schools of thought]] ([[Hanafi]], [[Shafi'i]], [[Maliki]] and [[Hanbali]]) believe that it is [[fard|obligatory]] for free women to cover their hair,<ref name=amer37>{{cite book|title=What Is Veiling?|author=Sahar Amer|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|date=2014|page=37}}</ref> and the entire body except her face and hands, while in the presence of people of the opposite sex other than [[mahram|close family members]].<ref name="seekershub.org">{{Cite web |url=http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2010/09/19/a-detailed-exposition-of-the-fiqh-of-covering-ones-nakedness-awra/ |title=A Detailed Exposition of the Fiqh of Covering One's Nakedness (Awra) |date=19 September 2010 |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224055556/http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2010/09/19/a-detailed-exposition-of-the-fiqh-of-covering-ones-nakedness-awra/ |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |url=http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2016/04/11/can-you-clarify-the-standard-explanation-of-the-verse-of-hijab/ |title=Can You Clarify the Standard Explanation of the Verse of Hijab? &#91;Shafi'i&#93; |date=11 April 2016 |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226170717/http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2016/04/11/can-you-clarify-the-standard-explanation-of-the-verse-of-hijab/ |archive-date=26 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Hsu, Shiu-Sian. "Modesty." Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an. Ed. Jane McAuliffe. Vol. 3. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers, 2003. 403-405. 6 vols.</ref>

According to Hanafis, these requirements extend to being around non-Muslim women as well, for fear that they may describe her physical features to unrelated men.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2010/09/09/uncovering-in-front-of-non-muslims-of-unmarriageable-kin-mahram/ |title=Uncovering in Front of Non-Muslim's of Unmarriageable Kin (Mahram) |date=9 September 2010 |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327234534/http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2010/09/09/uncovering-in-front-of-non-muslims-of-unmarriageable-kin-mahram/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sunni [[Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas]] in Saudi Arabia,<ref name=PermanentCommittee>{{cite web |title=Fatwas of the Permanent Committee: Women covering their faces and hands |url=http://www.alifta.net/fatawa/fatawaDetails.aspx?languagename=en&View=Page&PageID=6425&PageNo=1&BookID=7 |website=General Presidency of Scholarly Research and Ifta' |publisher=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |access-date=9 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107085306/http://www.alifta.net/fatawa/fatawaDetails.aspx?languagename=en&View=Page&PageID=6425&PageNo=1&BookID=7 |archive-date=7 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2009/05/30/who-is-mahram/ |title=Who is Mahram |date=30 May 2009 |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228234713/http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2009/05/30/who-is-mahram/ |archive-date=28 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> also believe women should cover their head.

Men must cover from their belly buttons to their knees, though the schools differ on whether this includes covering the navel and knees or only what is between them.<ref name="askimam.org">{{Cite web |url=http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/16965 |title=Fatwas by Mufti Ebrahim Desai » Askimam |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219072838/http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/16965 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |url=http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2014/05/26/covering-the-nakedness-for-a-man-answers/ |title=Covering the Nakedness for a Man: Answers |date=27 May 2014 |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214141514/http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2014/05/26/covering-the-nakedness-for-a-man-answers/ |archive-date=14 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite journal|journal=Academia |url=https://www.academia.edu/7434270 |title=Maliki Fiqh: Matn al-'Ashmāwiyyah (English Translation) |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328020341/https://www.academia.edu/7434270/Maliki_Fiqh_Matn_al-Ashm%C4%81wiyyah_English_Translation_ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live |last=Ali |first=Abdul Samad }}</ref><ref name="darululoomtt.net">{{Cite web |url=https://darululoomtt.net/awrah-men-imams-shafi-ahmad-malik-a-r/ |title=The Awrah of Men According to Imams Shafi, Ahmad and Malik (A.R). – Darul Uloom Trinidad & Tobago |date=15 May 2014 |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015940/https://darululoomtt.net/awrah-men-imams-shafi-ahmad-malik-a-r/ |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Shia===
In Shia jurisprudence, by consensus, it is obligatory for women to cover their hair, and the entire body except her hands and face, while in the presence of people of the opposite sex other than close family members.<ref name="iranprimer.usip.org"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Question & Answer » Hijab (Islamic Dress) |url=https://www.sistani.org/english/qa/01208/ |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rizvi |first1=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |title=Hijab of Eyes |date=16 October 2012 |url=https://www.al-islam.org/articles/hijab-dress-modesty-islam-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="npr.org"/>
The major and most important Shia hadith collections such as Nahj Al-Balagha and Kitab Al-Kafi for the most part do not give any details about hijab requirements. However a quotation from [[Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih]] [[Musa al-Kadhim]] in reply to his brother makes reference to female hijab requirements during the salat (prayer), stating "She covers her body and head with it then prays. And if her feet protrude from beneath, and she doesn't have the means to prevent that, there is no harm".<ref>Rispler-Chaim, Vardit. ‘The siwāk: A Medieval Islamic Contribution to Dental Care’. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2.1 (1992): 13-20.</ref>

===Modern Approaches===
[[File:Afghan National Army (ANA) Brig. Gen. Khatool Mohammadzai, center, the director for women's affairs and the deputy director for the education and physical training within the ANA, poses with a group of 120220-A-WI966-673.jpg|thumb|right|[[Afghans|Afghan]] army and police officials wearing hijabs in [[Kandahar]]. (Period before [[Taliban]] rule)]]

Modern approaches to this issue emerge under the influence of a series of social and intellectual developments, from the [[hermeneutics|re-evaluation of religious sources]] and the [[Criticism of hadith|questioning of sources]] that establish a [[androcentric]] / [[misogyny|misogynist]] religious understanding<ref>Ahmed 1992, p. 79-83</ref> to the protection of [[women's rights|women's individual dignity, freedom and rights]].

Clothing does not play a key role in [[Quranism]]. All Quranist movements agree that Islam has no sets of traditional clothing, except for the rules described in the Quran. Therefore, [[beards]] and the hijab are not necessary.<ref name=":1" />
Modernist thinkers including [[Karen Armstrong]], [[Reza Aslan]] and [[Leila Ahmed]], believe the requirements of the hijab were initially intended solely for Muhammad's wives, serving to preserve their sanctity. This was because Muhammad conducted religious and civic matters in the mosque next to his home.<ref name=aslan>[[Reza Aslan|Aslan, Reza]], ''[[No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam|No God but God]]'', Random House, (2005), p.65–6</ref> Leila Ahmed further explains that Muhammad aimed at fostering a sense of privacy and protecting the intimate space of his wives from the constant presence of the bustling community at their doorstep. They argue that the term ''darabat al-hijab'' ('taking the veil') was used synonymously and interchangeably with ‘becoming Prophet Muhammad's wife’ and that during Muhammad's life no other Muslim woman wore the hijab. [[Reza Aslan|Aslan]] suggests that Muslim women started to wear the hijab to emulate Muhammad's wives, who are revered as "Mothers of the Believers" in Islam.<ref name=aslan/>

[[Khaled Abou El Fadl]] argues that all Islamic moderates agree that, in all cases, the decision whether to wear the hijab should be a woman's autonomous decision
and that her choice must be respected because the moderate pro-choice position is based on the Quranic teachings that there ought to be no compulsion in religion.
<ref>El Fadl, Khaled Abou (2005), The Great Theft: Wresting Islam From the Extremists, Harper San Francisco, p.274</ref>

Some traditionalist Muslim scholars accept the contemporary views and arguments as those hadith sources are not sahih and [[ijma]] would no longer be applicable if it is argued by scholars (even if it is argued by only one scholar). Notable examples of traditionalist Muslim scholars who accept these contemporary views include the Indonesian scholar [[Quraish Shihab]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=PENAFSIRAN AYAT-AYAT HIJAB (Studi Komparatif atas Pemikiran Quraish Shihab, Wahbah Al-Zuhaili Dan Buya Hamka Terhadap Ayat Hijab) |url=http://digilib.uinkhas.ac.id/11932/ |publisher=Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember |date=2021-02-03 |degree=undergraduate |language=id |first=NA |last=WAWI |trans-title=INTERPRETATION OF THE VERSES OF HIJAB (Comparative Study of Quraish Shihab, Wahbab Al-Zuhaili And Buya Hamka's Thinking of The Verses of Hijab)}}</ref>