Editing Hiberno-English (section)

==Overview of pronunciation and phonology==
The following charts list the vowels typical of each Irish English dialect as well as the several distinctive consonants of Irish English, according to the linguist Raymond Hickey.<ref name="de Gruyter 2004 90–93"/><ref name="books.google.com"/> Phonological characteristics of overall Irish English are given as well as categorisations into five major divisions of Hiberno-English: Ulster; West and South-West Ireland; local Dublin; advanced Dublin; and supraregional (southern) Ireland. Features of mainstream non-local Dublin English fall on a range between what Hickey calls "local Dublin" and "advanced Dublin".

=== Monophthongs ===
The following [[monophthong]]s are defining characteristics of Irish English:
* {{sc2|STRUT}} is typically [[central vowel|centralised]] in the mouth and often rounder than other standard English varieties, such as [[Received Pronunciation]] in England or [[General American]] in the United States.
* There is a partial [[trap-bath split]] in most Irish English varieties (cf. [[Variation in Australian English]]).
* There is inconsistency regarding the [[lot–cloth split]] and the [[cot–caught merger]]; certain Irish English dialects have these phenomena while others do not. The cot-caught merger by definition rules out the presence of the lot-cloth split.
* An [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] [[schwa]] is often inserted between sonorants, e.g. ''film'' {{IPA|[ˈfɪləm]}} and ''form'' {{IPA|[ˈfɒɹəm]}}, due to the influence of the [[Irish language]].
* The words ''any'' and ''many'' are often exceptionally pronounced with {{IPA|/æ/}}, i.e. rhyme with ''Annie'' and ''Danny''.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=317}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! '''[[Help:IPA for English|Diaphoneme]]'''
! '''Ulster'''
! '''West & <br />South-West Ireland'''
! '''Local <br />Dublin'''
! '''Advanced <br />Dublin'''
! '''Supraregional <br />Ireland'''
! '''Example words'''
|-
| [[trap-bath split|flat]] {{IPA|/æ/}}
| {{IPA|[äː~a]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[æ]}}
| {{IPA|[a]}}
| {{IPA|[æ~a]}}
| '''a'''dd, l'''a'''nd, tr'''a'''p
|-
| {{IPA|/ɑː/}} and [[trap-bath split|broad]] {{IPA|/æ/}}
| {{IPA|[äː~ɑː]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[æː~aː]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[aː]}}{{ref|D4|1}} 
| b'''a'''th, c'''a'''lm, d'''a'''nce
|-
| [[Conservative (language)|conservative]] {{IPA|/ɒ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɒ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ä]}}
| {{IPA|[ɑ~ɒ~ɔ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
| l'''o'''t, t'''o'''p, w'''a'''sp
|-
| [[Lot–cloth split|divergent]] {{IPA|/ɒ/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɔː~ɒː]}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[aː~ä]}}
| {{IPA|[ɔː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒ]}}
| l'''o'''ss, '''o'''ff
|-
|{{IPA|/ɔː/}}
| {{IPA|[ɒː~ɔː~oː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒː]}}
| '''a'''ll, b'''ough'''t, s'''aw'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|[ɛ]}}{{ref|SW|2}}
| dr'''e'''ss, m'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d
|-
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| colspan="5" |{{IPA|[ə]}}
| '''a'''bout, syr'''u'''p, '''a'''ren'''a'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}{{ref|happy|4}}
| {{IPA|[ë~ɘ~ɪ̈]}}
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
| h'''i'''t, sk'''i'''m, t'''i'''p
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{IPA|[i(ː)]}}{{ref|vowelbreaking|3}}
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[i(ː)]}}
| b'''ea'''m, ch'''i'''c, fl'''ee'''t
|-
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|[e~ɪ]}}<ref name="de Gruyter 2004 91" />
| happ'''y''', coff'''ee''', mov'''ie'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ʌ/}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʌ̈~ʊ]}}
| {{IPA|[ʊ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɤ~ʊ]}}
| {{IPA|[ʌ̈~ʊ]}}
| b'''u'''s, fl'''oo'''d
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʉ(ː)]}}
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ʊ]}}
| b'''oo'''k, p'''u'''t, sh'''ou'''ld
|-
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[ʊu~uː]}}{{ref|vowelbreaking|3}}
| {{IPA|[ʊu~ʉu]}}
| f'''oo'''d, gl'''ue''', n'''ew'''
|}
'''Footnotes:'''

{{note|D4|1}}
In [[southside Dublin]]'s once-briefly fashionable "[[Dublin 4]]" (or "Dortspeak") accent, the "{{IPA|/ɑː/}} and broad {{IPA|/æ/}}" set becomes rounded as {{IPA|[ɒː]}}.<ref name="Dublin">{{cite book |last=Hickey |first=Raymond |title=Dublin English: Evolution and Change |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |date=2005 |pages=46–48}}</ref>

{{note|SW|2}} In South-West Ireland, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/m/}} is [[Pin-pen merger|raised to {{IPA|[ɪ]|cat=no}}]].<ref name="South-West">{{harv|de Gruyter|2004|p=84}}</ref>

{{note|vowelbreaking|3}} Due to the phenomenon of "vowel breaking" in local Dublin accents, {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}} may be realised as {{IPA|[ijə]}} and {{IPA|[ʊuwə]}} in [[closed syllable]]s.

'''Other notes:'''

*In some highly conservative Irish English varieties, words spelled with {{vr|ea}} and pronounced with {{IPA|[iː]}} in [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] are pronounced with {{IPA|[eː]}}, for example ''meat'', ''beat'', and ''leaf''.
* In words like ''took'' where the spelling {{vr|oo}} usually represents {{IPA|/ʊ/}}, conservative speakers may use {{IPA|/uː/}}. This is most common in local Dublin and the speech of north-east Leinster.

===Diphthongs===
The following [[diphthong]]s are defining characteristics of Irish English:
*The {{sc2|MOUTH}} diphthong, as in ''ow'' or ''doubt'', may start more forward in the mouth in the east (namely, Dublin) and supraregionally; however, it may be further backwards throughout the entire rest of the country. In Ulster, the second element is particularly forward, as [[Scottish English|in Scotland]].
*The {{sc2|CHOICE}} diphthong, as in ''boy'' or ''choice'', generally starts off lower outside of Ulster.
*The {{sc2|FACE}} diphthong, as in ''rain'' or ''bay'', is most commonly realised as [[monophthong]]al {{IPAblink|eː}}. The words ''gave'' and ''came'' often have {{IPA|/ɛ/}} instead, i.e. rhyme with "Kev" and "them".{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! '''Diaphoneme'''
! '''Ulster'''
! '''West & <br />South-West Ireland'''
! '''Local <br />Dublin'''
! '''Advanced<br />Dublin'''
! '''Supraregional <br />Ireland'''
! '''Example words'''
|-
| {{IPA|/aɪ/}} 
| {{IPA|[ɛɪ~ɜɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[æɪ~ɐɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[əɪ~ɐɪ]}}{{ref|vowelbreak|1}}
| {{IPA|[ɑɪ~ɐɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[aɪ~ɑɪ]}}
| br'''igh'''t, r'''i'''de, tr'''y'''
|-
| {{IPA|/aʊ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɐʏ~ɛʉ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɐʊ~ʌʊ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛʊ]}}{{ref|vowelbreak|1}}
| {{IPA|[aʊ~ɛʊ]}}
| n'''ow''', '''ou'''ch, sc'''ou'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/eɪ/}}
| {{IPA|[eː(ə)]}}
| {{IPA|[eː]}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[eː~eɪ~ɛɪ]}}<ref>Wells, John C. 1982. Accents of English: Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 425.</ref>
| l'''a'''me, r'''ei'''n, st'''ai'''n
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔɪ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɔɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[əɪ~ɑɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[aɪ~äɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒɪ~oɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒɪ]}}
| b'''oy''', ch'''oi'''ce, m'''oi'''st
|-
| {{IPA|/oʊ/}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[oː]}}
| {{IPA|[ʌo~ʌɔ]}}
| {{IPA|[əʊ]}}
| {{IPA|[oʊ~əʊ]}}
| g'''oa'''t, '''oh''', sh'''ow'''
|}
'''Footnotes:'''
{{note|vowelbreak|1}} 
Due to the phenomenon of "vowel breaking" local Dublin accents, {{IPA|/aɪ/}} and {{IPA|/aʊ/}} may be realised as {{IPA|[əjə]}} and {{IPA|[ɛwə]}} in [[closed syllable]]s.

===Consonants===
The [[consonant]]s of Hiberno-English mostly align with the typical English consonant sounds. However, a few Irish English consonants have distinctive, varying qualities. The following consonant features are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English: 
*[[Th-stopping]]: {{IPA|/ð/}} and {{IPA|/θ/}} are pronounced as stops, {{IPAblink|d}} and {{IPAblink|t}}, making ''then'' and ''den'' as well as ''thin'' and ''tin'' [[homophone]]s. Some accents realise them as dental stops {{IPA|[t̪, d̪]}} and do not merge them with [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] {{IPA|/t, d/}}, making ''tin'' ({{IPA|[tʰɪn]}}) and ''thin'' {{IPA|[t̪ʰɪn]}} a minimal pair. In Ulster they are {{IPA|[ð]}} and {{IPA|[θ]}}.<ref name="Wells1982">{{cite book |last=Wells |first=J.C. |title=The British Isles |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1989 |isbn=9780521285407 |series=Accents of English |volume=2 |pages=565–566, 635}}</ref>
*[[Rhoticity in English|Rhoticity]]: The pronunciation of historical {{IPA|/r/}} is universal in Irish English, as in General American (but not Received Pronunciation), i.e. {{IPA|/r/}} is always pronounced, even word finally and before consonants (e.g. ''here'', ''cart'', or ''surf'').
*[[Yod-dropping]] after {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/s/}}, e.g. ''new'' {{IPA|/nuː/}}, lute {{IPA|/ˈluːt/}}, and ''sue'' {{IPA|/suː/}}, and [[Yod-coalescence]] after {{IPA|/d/}} and {{IPA|/t/}}, e.g. ''duty'' {{IPA|/ˈdʒuːti/}} and ''tune'' {{IPA|/tʃuːn/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007b|p=184}}</ref><ref>Wells, 1982, p. 435.</ref>
*Lack of [[H-dropping]] and occurrence of {{IPA|/h/}} where it is permitted in [[Irish language|Irish]] but excluded in other [[List of dialects of the English language|dialects of English]], such as word-mediality before an [[unstressed vowel]] (e.g. ''Haughey'' {{IPA|/ˈhɔːhi/}}) and word-finally (e.g. ''McGrath'' {{IPA|/məˈɡɹæh/}}). The pronunciation ''[[h]]aitch'' {{IPA|/heɪtʃ/}} for {{Vr|h}} is standard in the Republic of Ireland and among Catholics in Northern Ireland, while Protestants in Northern Ireland use ''aitch'' {{IPA|/eɪtʃ/}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/428002398/Protestants_and_the_Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland.pdf|title=Protestants and the Irish language in Northern Ireland|last=McCoy|first=Gordon|date=May 1997|accessdate=2024-06-10|page=50}}</ref>
*Syllable-final and [[intervocalic]] {{IPA|/t/}} (and sometimes {{IPA|/d/}}) is pronounced uniquely in most Hiberno-English (but not Ulster) as a "[[slit fricative]]". This is similar to {{IPA|/s/}} but without the [[Sibilant|hissy]] articulation.
*The phoneme {{IPA|/l/}} is almost always of a "light" or "clear" quality (i.e. not [[velarization|velarised]]), unlike Received Pronunciation, which uses both a clear and a dark "L" sound, or General American, which pronounces all "L" sounds as dark.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! '''Diaphoneme'''
! '''Ulster'''{{ref|NI|1}}
! '''West & <br />South-West Ireland'''
! '''Local <br />Dublin'''{{ref|Dub|2}}
! '''Advanced <br />Dublin'''
! '''Supraregional <br />Ireland'''
! '''Example words'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ð/}}
| {{IPA|[ð]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[d]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[d̪]}}
| '''th'''is, wri'''th'''e, wi'''th'''er 
|-
| syllable-final {{IPA|/l/}}
| {{IPA|[l]}} or {{IPA|[ɫ]}}
| {{IPA|[l]}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[l]}} or {{IPA|[ɫ]}}
| ba'''ll''', so'''l'''dier, mi'''l'''k
|-
| {{IPA|/r/}}{{ref|r|3}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɻ]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɹˠ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɹˠ]}} or {{IPA|[ɾ]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɻ]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɹˠ]}} or {{IPA|[ɻ]}}
|'''r'''ot, ee'''r'''ie, sca'''r'''y 
|-
|syllable-final {{IPA|/r/}}
|{{IPA|[ɹˠ]}} or {{IPA|[∅]}}
|ca'''r''', shi'''r'''t, he'''r'''e
|-
| intervocalic {{IPA|/t/}}
| {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, or {{IPA|[∅]}}
| {{IPA|[θ̠]}} or {{IPA|[ɾ]}}{{ref|th|4}}
| {{IPA|[ʔ(h)]}}
| {{IPA|[ɾθ̠]}}{{ref|th|4}}
| {{IPA|[θ̠]}}, {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, or {{IPA|[ɾ]}}{{ref|th|4}}
| ba'''tt'''le, I'''t'''aly, wa'''t'''er 
|-
| word-final {{IPA|/t/}}
| {{IPA|[t]}} or {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
| {{IPA|[θ̠]}}
| {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, {{IPA|[h]}}, or {{IPA|[∅]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[θ̠]}} or {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
| ca'''t''', ge'''t''', righ'''t''' 
|-
| {{IPA|/θ/}}
| {{IPA|[θ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[t]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[t̪]}}
| le'''th'''al, '''th'''ick, wra'''th''' 
|-
| {{IPA|/hw/}}{{ref|hw|5}}
| {{IPA|[w]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʍ]}}
| {{IPA|[w]}}
| {{IPA|[ʍ]}} or {{IPA|[w]}}
| a'''wh'''ile, '''wh'''ale, '''wh'''en
|}
'''Footnotes:'''

{{note|NI|1}}In traditional, conservative [[Ulster English]], {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} are [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised]] before an [[Open vowel|open]] [[front vowel]].<ref>{{harvnb|de Gruyter|2004|pp=88}}</ref>

{{note|Dub|2}}Local Dublin features [[consonant cluster]] [[Consonant-cluster reduction|reduction]], so that [[plosive]]s occurring after [[fricative]]s or [[sonorant]]s may be left unpronounced, resulting, for example, in "poun(d)" and "las(t)".<ref name="South-West" />

{{note|r|3}}In extremely traditional and [[conservative (linguistics)|conservative]] accents (e.g. [[Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh]] and [[Jackie Healy-Rae]]), prevocalic {{IPA|/r/}} can also be an [[alveolar flap]], {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. {{IPA|/r/}} may be [[guttural R|guttural]] ([[uvular]], {{IPA|[ʁ]}}) in north-east [[Leinster]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=320}}</ref>

{{note|th|4}}{{vr|θ̠}} is used here to represent the [[voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative]], sometimes known as a "slit fricative",<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Hickey|1984|p=234">{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|1984|p=234}}</ref> which is [[Apical consonant|apico]]-[[alveolar consonant|alveolar]].<ref name="de Gruyter 2004 93">{{harv|de Gruyter|2004|p=93}}</ref>

{{note|hw|5}}Overall, {{IPA|/hw/}} and {{IPA|/w/}} are being increasingly [[Wine–whine merger|merged]] in supraregional Irish English, for example, making ''wine'' and ''whine'' [[homophones]], as in most varieties of English around the world.<ref name="de Gruyter 2004 93" />

=== Vowel + {{Vr|r}} combinations ===
The following vowels + {{Vr|r}} create combinations that are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English: 
*Lack of the [[horse–hoarse merger]]: the distinction is traditionally maintained between {{IPAc-en|ɔː}} and {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} before the consonant {{IPAc-en|r}}, so that e.g. ''horse'' and ''hoarse'' do not rhyme in most Irish accents, though this is changing among younger speakers.
*{{sc2|START}} vowel realised more forward in the mouth in comparison to most varieties of English.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! '''Diaphoneme'''
! '''Ulster'''
! '''West & <br />South-West Ireland'''
! '''Local <br />Dublin'''
! '''Advanced <br />Dublin'''
! '''Supraregional <br />Ireland'''
! '''Example words'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɑːr/}}
| {{IPA|[ɑɻ~ɑɹ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[æːɹ~aɹ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[äːɹ~ɑɹ]}}{{ref|D4|1}}
| c'''ar''', g'''uar'''d, p'''ar'''k
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪər/}}
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|[iːɹ~iɚ]}}
| f'''ear''', p'''eer''', t'''ier'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛər/}}
| {{IPA|[(ɛ)ɚː]}}
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɛːɹ~eɹ]}}{{ref|ND|2}}
| b'''are''', b'''ear''', th'''ere'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɜːr/}}{{ref|er|3}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[ɚː]}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|[ɛːɹ]}}{{ref|er|3}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[ɚː]}}{{ref|ND|2}}
|'''ir'''k, g'''ir'''l, '''ear'''n
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʊːɹ]}}{{ref|er|3}}
| w'''or'''k, f'''ir'''st, '''ur'''n
|-
| {{IPA|/ər/}}
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|[ɚ]}}{{ref|schwa-r|4}}
| doct'''or''', mart'''yr''', p'''er'''vade
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}{{ref|horse|5}}
| {{IPA|[ɒːɚ~ɔːɹ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[äːɹ~ɑːɹ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɒːɹ~oːɹ]}}
| f'''or''', h'''or'''se, w'''ar'''
|-
| {{IPA|[oːɚ~oːɹ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɔːɹ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒːɹ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[oːɹ]}}
| f'''our''', h'''oar'''se, w'''ore'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊər/}}
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|[uːɹ~uɚ]}}{{ref|vowelbreak|6}}
| m'''oor''', p'''oor''', t'''our'''
|-
| {{IPA|/jʊər/}}
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|[juːɹ~juɚ~jɚː]}}{{ref|vowelbreak|6}}
| c'''ure''', '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''
|}
'''Footnotes:'''

{{note|D4|1}}In [[southside Dublin]]'s "[[Dublin 4]]" (or "Dortspeak") accent, {{IPA|/ɑːr/}} is realised as {{IPA|[ɒːɹ]}}.

{{note|ND|2}}In non-local Dublin's more recently emerging (or "advanced Dublin") accent, {{IPA|/ɛər/}} and {{IPA|/ɜr/}} may both be realised more rounded as {{IPA|[øːɻ]}}.

{{note|er|3}}The [[nurse mergers|{{sc2|NURSE}} mergers]] have not occurred in local Dublin, West/South-West, and other [[conservative (linguistics)|very conservative]] and traditional Irish English dialects, including in Ulster, all of which retain a two-way distinction between {{IPA|/ɛr/}} as in ''earn'' versus {{IPA|/ʊr/}} as in ''urn''. Contrarily, most English dialects worldwide have merged {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before the consonant {{IPA|/r/}}. For instance, in the case of non-local Dublin, supraregional, and younger Irish accents, the merged sequence is phonetically {{IPA|[ɚː]}}. However, for those accents which retain the more conservative distinction, the distribution of {{IPA|/ɛr/}} and {{IPA|/ʊr/}} is as follows: {{IPA|/ʊr/}} occurs when spelled {{vr|ur}} and {{vr|or}} (e.g. ''urn'' and ''word''), {{vr|ir}} after [[alveolar stop]]s (e.g. ''dirt''), and after [[labial consonant]]s (e.g. ''fern''); {{IPA|/ɛr/}} is occurs in all other situations.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=330}}</ref> There are apparent exceptions to these rules; [[John C. Wells]] describes ''prefer'' and ''per'' as {{IPA|/ɛr/}}, despite the vowel in question following a labial in both cases.<ref>{{citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |title=Accents of English 2: The British Isles |location=Cambridge, New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1982 |isbn=0521297192 |page=321}}</ref> The distribution of {{IPA|/ɛr/}} versus {{IPA|/ʊr/}} is listed below in some example words:
{{col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''{{IPA|/ɛr/}}'''
*''certain'' {{IPA|[ˈsɛːɹtn̩]}}
*''chirp'' {{IPA|[ˈtʃʰɛːɹp]}}
*''circle'' {{IPA|[ˈsɛːɹkəl]}}
*''earn'' {{IPA|[ɛːɹn]}}
*''earth'' {{IPA|[ɛːɹt]}}
*''girl'' {{IPA|[ɡɛːɹl]}}
*''germ'' {{IPA|[dʒɛːɹm]}}
*''heard'' or ''herd'' {{IPA|[hɛːɹd]}}
*''Hertz'' {{IPA|[hɛːɹts]}}
*''irk'' {{IPA|[ɛːɹk]}}
*''[[tern]]'' {{IPA|[tʰɛːɹn]}}
{{Col-break}}
'''{{IPA|/ʊr/}}'''
*''bird'' {{IPA|[bʊːɹd]}}
*''dirt'' {{IPA|[dʊːɹt]}}
*''first'' {{IPA|[fʊːɹst]}}
*''hurts'' {{IPA|[hʊːɹts]}}
*''murder'' {{IPA|[ˈmʊːɹdɚ]}}
*''nurse'' {{IPA|[ˈnʊːɹs]}}
*''turn'' {{IPA|[tʰʊːɹn]}}
*''third'' or ''turd'' {{IPA|[tʰʊːɹd]}}
*''urn'' {{IPA|[ʊːɹn]}}
*''work'' {{IPA|[wʊːɹk]}}
*''world'' {{IPA|[wʊːɹld]}}
{{col-end}}
{{note|schwa-r|4}}In a rare few local Dublin varieties that are non-rhotic, {{IPA|/ər/}} is either lowered to {{IPA|[ɐ]}} or backed and raised to {{IPA|[ɤ]}}.

{{note|horse|5}}The distinction between {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} and {{IPA|/oʊr/}} is widely preserved in Ireland, so that, for example, ''horse'' and ''hoarse'' are not merged in most Irish English dialects; however, they are usually [[Horse–hoarse merger|merged]] in [[Belfast]] and advanced Dublin.

{{note|vowelbreak|6}}In local Dublin {{IPA|/(j)uːr/}} may be realised as {{IPA|[(j)uʷə(ɹ)]}}. For some speakers {{IPA|/(j)uːr/}} may merge with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.