Editing Heteronormativity (section)

==Homonormativity==
{{main|Homonormativity}}

Homonormativity is a term which can refer to the privileging of [[homosexuality]]<ref>{{cite book |author=David Orzechowitz |title=Gender and Sexuality in the Workplace |publisher=Emerald Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-8485-5371-2 |editor=Christine L. Williams |page=241 |chapter=Gender, Sexuality, Culture and the Closet in Theme Park Parades |quote=The dominance of a '''homonormative''' culture in Parades subordinates male heterosexuality to male homosexuality. |editor2=Kirsten Dellinger |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsXXD9n2zvAC&pg=PA241}}</ref> or the assimilation of heteronormative ideals and constructs into [[LGBTQ]] culture and individual identity.<ref name="PSN">{{cite web |title=Homonormativity |url=http://web.uvic.ca/psn/resources/terminology/homonormativity/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702182226/http://web.uvic.ca/psn/resources/terminology/homonormativity/ |archive-date=2 July 2015 |access-date=3 January 2015 |website=web.uvic.ca |publisher=Positive Space Network}}</ref> Specifically, Catherine Connell states that homonormativity "emphasizes commonality with the norms of heterosexual culture, including marriage, monogamy, procreation, and productivity".<ref name=":0">Connell, Catherine. School's Out : Gay and Lesbian Teachers in the Classroom (1). Berkeley, US: University of California Press, 2014. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 15 March 2017.</ref><ref>Queer Twin Cities. Minneapolis, US: University of Minnesota Press, 2010. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 15 March 2017.</ref> The term is almost always used in its latter sense, and was used prominently by Lisa Duggan in 2003,<ref name="Duggan, Lisa 2003">Duggan, Lisa. The Twilight of Equality?: Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack On Democracy. Beacon Press, 2003.</ref> although transgender studies scholar [[Susan Stryker]], in her article "Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinary",<ref name="Stryker 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Stryker |first1=Susan |date=1 January 2008 |title=Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity |journal=Radical History Review |volume=2008 |issue=100 |pages=145–157 |doi=10.1215/01636545-2007-026}}</ref> noted that it was also used by transgender activists in the 1990s in reference to the imposition of gay/lesbian norms over the concerns of transgender people.<ref name="Stryker 2008" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cover |first1=Rob |title=Queer Youth Suicide, Culture and Identity: Unliveable Lives? |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-07255-3}}{{pn|date=February 2021}}</ref> Transgender people were not included in healthcare programs combating the AIDS epidemic, and were often excluded from gay/lesbian demonstrations in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stryker |first1=Susan |title=Transgender History |date=2008 |publisher=Seal Press |isbn=978-1-58005-224-5}}{{pn|date=February 2021}}</ref> Homonormativity has also grown to include transnormativity, or "the pressure put on trans people to conform to traditional, oppositional sexist understandings of gender".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Holly |title=The Politics of Everybody |publisher=Zed Books Ltd. |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-78360-287-2 |location=London |pages=222–230}}</ref> In addition, homonormativity can be used today to cover or erase the radical politics of the queer community during the [[Gay liberation|Gay Liberation Movement]],<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Duggan |first1=Lisa |title=Materializing Democracy: Toward a Revitalized Cultural Politics |date=2002 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-8390-1 |editor1-last=Castronovo |editor1-first=Russ |pages=175–194 |chapter=The New Homonormativity: The Sexual Politics of Neoliberalism |editor2-last=Nelson |editor2-first=Dana D. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_7qRCNxzQcC&pg=PA175}}</ref> by not only replacing these politics with more conservative goals like marriage equality and [[Same-sex adoption|adoption rights]], but also commercializing and mainstreaming queer subcultures.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alderson |first=David |title=Sex, Needs and Queer Culture |publisher=Zed Books Ltd |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-78360-512-5 |location=London}}{{pn|date=February 2021}}</ref>

According to Penny Griffin, Politics and International Relations lecturer at the [[University of New South Wales]], homonormativity upholds [[neoliberalism]] rather than critiquing the enforcement of its values of [[monogamy]], procreation, and [[Gender binary|binary gender roles]] as inherently [[heterosexist]] and [[racist]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Griffin |first1=Penny |date=May 2007 |title=Sexing the Economy in a Neo-Liberal World Order: Neo-Liberal Discourse and the (Re)Production of Heteronormative Heterosexuality |journal=The British Journal of Politics and International Relations |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=220–238 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-856x.2007.00280.x |s2cid=144295490}}</ref> In this sense, homonormativity is deeply intertwined with the expansion and  maintenance of the internationally structured and structuring capitalistic worldwide system.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stryker |first1=S. |date=1 January 2008 |title=Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity |journal=Radical History Review |volume=2008 |issue=100 |pages=145–157 |doi=10.1215/01636545-2007-026}}</ref> Duggan asserts that homonormativity fragments LGBT communities into hierarchies of worthiness, and that LGBT people that come the closest to mimicking heteronormative standards of gender identity are deemed most worthy of receiving rights. She also states that LGBT individuals at the bottom of this hierarchy (e.g. [[Bisexual community|bisexual people]], [[Transgender|trans people]], [[Genderqueer|non-binary people]], people of [[Gender systems#Non-European gender systems|non-Western genders]], [[intersex]] people, queers of color, queer sex workers) are seen as an impediment to this class of homonormative individuals receiving their rights.<ref name="Duggan, Lisa 2003" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Roderick A. |title=Black Queer Studies: A Critical Anthology |date=2005 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-8722-0 |editor=E. Patrick Johnson |pages=52–67 |chapter=Race-ing Homonormativity: Citizenship, Sociology, and Gay Identity |doi=10.1215/9780822387220 |editor2=Mae G. Henderson}}</ref> For example, one empirical study found that in the Netherlands, transgender people and other gender non-conforming LGBT people are often looked down upon within their communities for not acting "normal". Those who do assimilate often become invisible in society and experience constant fear and shame about the non-conformers within their communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Brandon Andrew |date=December 2012 |title=Is This What Equality Looks Like?: How Assimilation Marginalizes the Dutch LGBT Community |journal=Sexuality Research and Social Policy |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=327–336 |doi=10.1007/s13178-012-0084-3 |s2cid=146137993}}</ref> Stryker referenced theorist [[Jürgen Habermas]] and his view of the public sphere allowing for individuals to come together, as a group, to discuss diverse ideologies and by excluding the non-conforming LGBTQ community, society as a whole were undoubtedly excluding the gender-variant individuals from civic participation.<ref name="Stryker 2008" />