Editing Hazleton, Pennsylvania (section)

===Second immigration wave===
[[Image:Hazelton PA Borough Hall.JPG|thumb|Hazleton City Hall]]
The city experienced a demographic shift in the first years of the 21st century with the arrival of new immigrants: mostly from the [[Dominican Republic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/04/race-rising-anxiety-white-america/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313095111/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/04/race-rising-anxiety-white-america/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 13, 2018|title=As America Changes, Some Anxious Whites Feel Left Behind|last=Norris|first=Michele|date=2018-03-12|work=[[National Geographic]]|access-date=2018-03-18|author-link=Michele Norris}}</ref>

The demographic shift was not well received by all residents. In 2004, a wave of attacks against apartments where immigrant workers were living was condemned by the Pennsylvania Governor's Advisory Commission on Latino Affairs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Christman |first=Amanda |date=19 September 2004 |title=Violence Condemned at Socialist Workers Forum |url=https://standardspeaker.newspapers.com/image/503943479/?match=1 |work=Hazleton Standard-Speaker |pages=30}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Dookhun |first1=Ved |last2=Norton |first2=Sandler |date=5 October 2004 |title=Protest firebombings of socialist campaign hall, café in Pennsylvania |url=https://themilitant.com/2004/6835/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=The Militant}}</ref>

In 2006, Hazleton gained national attention as [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Mayor [[Lou Barletta]] and council members passed the Illegal Immigration Relief Act.<ref>[http://www.smalltowndefenders.com/public/node/6 Text of the ordinances] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322055321/http://www.smalltowndefenders.com/public/node/6 |date=2007-03-22 }}</ref> This [[local ordinance|ordinance]] was instituted to discourage hiring or renting to illegal immigrants. Initially, the ordinance levied an administrative fine of $100.00 per illegal immigrant rented to and a loss of permits for non-compliance.<ref>[http://www.smalltowndefenders.com/public/node/6 Illegal Immigration Relief Act passed | Small Town Defenders – Hazleton, Pennsylvania<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322055321/http://www.smalltowndefenders.com/public/node/6 |date=2007-03-22 }}</ref>  Another act passed concurrently made English the [[official language]] of Hazleton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smalltowndefenders.com/090806/2006-19%20_Official%20English.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216233946/http://www.smalltowndefenders.com/090806/2006-19%20_Official%20English.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-12-16|title=2006-19 Official English|website=smalltowndefenders.com}}</ref>

Mayor Barletta estimated that "as many as half" of the estimated 10,000 Hispanics who were living in Hazleton left the city when the ordinance was passed.<ref name="washtimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/national/20060921-110748-4227r.htm |newspaper=Washington Times |title=Towns take a local approach to blocking illegal aliens |date=2006-09-21 }}</ref> The issue was covered by the television program ''[[60 Minutes]]'' in 2006<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/welcome-to-hazleton/ | work=CBS News | title=Welcome To Hazleton | date=November 17, 2006}}</ref> and the [[Fox News]] show ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]'' in March 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billoreilly.com/show?action=viewTVShow&showID=1245#2|title=Bill O'Reilly: The O'Reilly Factor - Friday, March 9, 2007|first=Bill|last=O'Reilly|website=www.billoreilly.com}}</ref>

The ordinance was criticized as illegal and [[unconstitutional]]. A number of residents (landlords, business owners, lawful aliens defined as illegal under the act, and unlawful aliens)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aclupa.org/downloads/HazeltonComplaint.pdf|title=Initial Complaint|website=aclupa.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114183233/http://www.aclupa.org/downloads/HazeltonComplaint.pdf|archive-date=2013-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aclupa.org/downloads/hzamendedcomplaint1.pdf|title=First Amended Complaint|website=aclupa.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114115312/http://www.aclupa.org/downloads/hzamendedcomplaint1.pdf|archive-date=2013-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aclupa.org/downloads/Hz2dAmendedComplaint.pdf|title=Second Amended Complaint|website=aclupa.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114115141/http://www.aclupa.org/downloads/Hz2dAmendedComplaint.pdf|archive-date=2013-01-14}}</ref> filed suit to strike down the law, claiming it violates the [[Supremacy Clause]] of the [[U.S. Constitution]] as well as the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First]] and [[Fourteenth Amendment (U.S.)|Fourteenth Amendment]]s to the Constitution. After a trial and several appeals (including a [[remand (court procedure)|remand]] from the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]), the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Third Circuit]] found the ordinance invalid due to [[federal preemption]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/073531p.pdf|title=Lozano v. City of Hazleton (3rd Cir. 2013)|website=ca3.uscourts.gov}}</ref>

As of 2015, nearly 40 percent of Hazleton's population was of Hispanic or Latino descent.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2015/10/14/448681982/the-immigrants-it-once-shut-out-bring-new-life-to-pennsylvania-town "The Immigrants It Once Shut Out Bring New Life To Pennsylvania Town"], [[National Public Radio]], October 14, 2015, retrieved July 17, 2016.</ref> In 2012, Amilcar Arroyo, a Hazleton Integration Project board member, estimated that 80% of Hazleton's Hispanics and Latinos were of [[Dominican American|Dominican]] origin, and that many of them had ancestry from [[San José de Ocoa]].<ref name=Frantzconvinced/> Hazleton has the highest percentage of Dominicans in Pennsylvania and the fourth highest in the nation. Many Dominicans had moved to Hazleton from portions of [[New York City]], including [[The Bronx]] and [[Brooklyn]]) and parts of [[North Jersey]], such as [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] and [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]].<ref name=Frantzconvinced/> Many of these migrants had families that were relatively large.

Many Hispanic and Latino businesses are on Wyoming Street,<ref name=Frantzconvinced/> the linguistic landscape of which Spier and Ruano (2021) investigated in light of Barletta's aforementioned comments.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spier |first1=Troy E. |last2=Ruano |first2=Jesahe Herrera |title=An Examination of Spanish-Language Signs and Identity in Hazleton, Pennsylvania (USA) |journal=Lenguaje |date=2021 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.25100/lenguaje.v49i1.10581|s2cid=236068534 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2016, ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' reported that the Wyoming Street corridor was revived from a moribund state. Also, in 2016, the Hispanic and Latino population became the majority, at 52%, with White residents, many descended from [[Irish Americans|Irish]], [[Italian Americans|Italian]], and [[German Americans|German]] immigrants, comprising 44% of the population.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=593243772|title=Michele Norris On The Anxiety Of White America And Her Optimism For The Future|date=March 13, 2018|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-03-18|language=en}}</ref>