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=== West Africa === The [[Tuareg rebellion (2012)|2012 Tuareg rebellion]] left Northern Mali without an official money transfer service for months. The coping mechanisms that appeared were patterned on the hawala system.<ref name=04385FSIHSD3>{{Cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/mail-western-union-black-market/1497859.html |title=Malians Shelter to Black Market to Transfer Cash |date=August 29, 2012 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |access-date=2012-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901215342/http://www.voanews.com/content/mail-western-union-black-market/1497859.html |archive-date=September 1, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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