Editing Haijin (section)

===Policy===
{{see also|Great Clearance}}
The [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] [[Dorgon#Dorgon's regency (1643–1650)|regent]] [[Dorgon|Prince Rui]] resumed the sea ban in 1647, but it was not effective until a more severe order followed in 1661{{sfnp|Shi|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC&pg=PA8 8]}} upon the ascension of the [[Kangxi Emperor]]. In an evacuation as the "[[Great Clearance]]" or "Frontier Shift", coastal residents of Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, [[Jiangsu]], and parts of Shandong were required to destroy their property{{sfnp|Shi|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC&pg=PA8 8]}} and move inland {{nowrap|30–50 [[Li (unit)|li]]}} (about {{convert|16|-|26|km|abbr=on|sp=us|disp=or|0}}), with [[Qing army|Qing soldiers]] erecting boundary markers and enforcing the death penalty on those beyond it. Ships were destroyed, and foreign trade was again limited to that passing through [[Portuguese Macao|Macao]].{{sfnp|Shi|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC&pg=PA8 8]}} Checks and adjustments were made the following year, and the inhabitants of five [[county (China)|counties]]—[[Panyu District|Panyu]], [[Shunde]], [[Xinhui]], [[Dongguan]], and [[Zhongshan]]—moved again the year after that. Following numerous high-level memorials, the evacuation was no longer enforced after 1669.{{sfnp|Hayes|1974|p=119}} In 1684, following the destruction of [[Kingdom of Tungning|Tungning]], other bans were lifted.{{sfnp|Shi|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC&pg=PA8 8]}} The year after that, customs offices were established in Guangzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, and [[Songjiang Town|Songjiang]] to deal with foreign trade.{{sfnp|Shi|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC&pg=PA9 9]}}

Repressive Qing policies such as the [[queue (hairstyle)|queue]] caused Chinese traders to [[Chinese diaspora|emigrate]] in such large numbers, however, that the [[Kangxi Emperor]] began to fear the military implications. The immigrant community in [[Jakarta]] was estimated at 100,000 and rumors circulated that a Ming heir was living on [[Luzon]].{{sfnp|Shi|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC&pg=PA9 9]}} A ban on trade in the "[[South China Sea|Southern Sea]]" followed in 1717, with tighter port inspections and travel restrictions.{{sfnp|Shi|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC&pg=PA9 9]}} Emigrants were ordered to return to China within the next three years upon penalty of death; those emigrating in future were to face the same punishment.{{sfnp|Shi|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC&pg=PA9 9]}}

Legal trade in the South China Sea was resumed in 1727,{{sfnp|Shi|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC&pg=PA9 9]}} but the [[British East India Company|East India Company]]'s discovery that the prices and duties at Ningbo were both much lower than those at Guangzhou prompted them to begin shifting their trade north from 1755 to 1757.{{sfnp|Shi|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC&pg=PA10 10]}} The [[Qianlong Emperor]]'s attempt to discourage this through higher fees failed; in the winter of 1757, he declared that—effective the next year—Guangzhou (then [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] as "Canton") was to be the only Chinese port permitted to foreign traders,{{sfnp|Shi|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC&pg=PA10 10]}} beginning the [[Canton System]], with its [[Cohong]] and [[Thirteen Factories]]. Chinese merchants trading with foreigners, on the other hand, were not affected by any of these regulations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waley-Cohen |first1=Joanna |title=The Sextants of Beijing: Global Currents in Chinese History |date=2000 |publisher=W. W. Norton and Company |location=New York, London |isbn=039324251X |pages=99}}</ref>