Editing H. L. Hunley (section)

== Crew ==
[[File:16 20 146 hunley.jpg|thumb|H.L. Hunley Memorial Marker at [[Magnolia Cemetery (Charleston, South Carolina)|Magnolia Cemetery]]]]
The crew was composed of 
* Lieutenant George E. Dixon (Commander) (of Alabama or Ohio)
* Frank Collins (of Virginia)
* Joseph F. Ridgaway (of Maryland)
* James A. Wicks (North Carolina native living in Florida)
* Arnold Becker (of Germany)
* Corporal Johan Frederik Carlsen (of Denmark)
* C. Lumpkin (probably of the British Isles)
* Augustus Miller (probably a former member of the [[German Americans in the American Civil War|German Artillery]]).<ref>{{cite web|author1=Willie Drye|title=Hunley Findings Put Faces on Civil War Submarine|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0409_040411_hunleycrew_2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050712075250/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0409_040411_hunleycrew_2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 12, 2005|website=National Geographic News|access-date=9 August 2017|pages=2|date=April 12, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|agency=Associated Press|title=Crew of Hunley studied|url=http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/2006/10/18/met_100932.shtml|website=The Augusta Chronicle|accessdate=24 August 2017|date=24 August 2017|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005913/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/2006/10/18/met_100932.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Apart from the submarine commander, Lieutenant George E. Dixon, the identities of the volunteer crewmen of ''Hunley'' had long remained a mystery. [[Douglas Owsley]], a [[Physical anthropology|physical anthropologist]] working for the [[Smithsonian Institution]]'s [[National Museum of Natural History]], examined the remains and determined that four of the men were American born, while the four others were of European birth, based on the chemical signatures left on the men's teeth and bones by the predominant components of their diet. Four men had eaten plenty of corn, an American diet, while the remainder ate mostly wheat and rye, a mainly European diet. By examining Civil War records and conducting [[DNA]] testing with possible relatives, forensic genealogist Linda Abrams identified the remains of Dixon and the three other Americans: Frank G. Collins of Fredericksburg, Va., Joseph Ridgaway, and James A. Wicks.<ref name="Chaffin2010"/> Identifying the European crewmen has been more problematic, but was apparently solved in late 2004. The position of the remains indicated that the men died at their stations and were not trying to escape from the sinking submarine.<ref name="PLOSONE">{{cite journal |last1=Lance |first1=Rachel M. |author-link=Rachel Lance |last2=Stalcup |first2=Lucas |last3=Wojtylak |first3=Brad |last4=Bass |first4=Cameron R. |date=2017-08-23 |title=Air blast injuries killed the crew of the submarine ''H.L. Hunley'' |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=e0182244 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1282244L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0182244 |pmc=5568114 |pmid=28832592 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

On 17 April 2004, the remains of the crew were laid to rest at [[Magnolia Cemetery (Charleston, South Carolina)|Magnolia Cemetery]], in Charleston.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hunley.org/main_index.asp?CONTENT=press&ID=100|title=Friends of the Hunley<!-- Bot generated title -->|website=hunley.org|access-date=26 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030727190020/http://www.hunley.org/main_index.asp?CONTENT=press&ID=100|archive-date=27 July 2003}}</ref> Tens of thousands of people attended including some 6,000 reenactors and 4,000 civilians wearing period clothing. Color guards from all five branches of the U.S. armed forces—wearing modern uniforms—were also in the procession.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040419112545/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0416_040416_hunleyfuneral.html "Last Funeral of the Civil War" to Put ''Hunley'' Crew to Rest<!-- Bot generated title -->] (dead link 25 February 2020)</ref> Even though only two of the crew were from the Confederate States, all were buried with full Confederate honors, including being buried with the 2nd Confederate national flag,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060316235951/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0416_040416_hunleyfuneral_2.html "Last Funeral of the Civil War" to Put ''Hunley'' Crew to Rest<!-- Bot generated title -->] (dead link 25 February 2020)</ref> known as the [[Stainless Banner]].

Another surprise occurred in 2002, when lead researcher Maria Jacobsen,<!--not the missionary--><ref name=tayl>Tayler, Jeffrey. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080327050623/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0207/feature5/fulltext.html Secret Weapon of the Confederacy]" ''[[National Geographic (magazine)]]'', July 2002. Accessed: December 22, 2014.</ref><ref name=imdb>"[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2023678/ Secret Weapon of the Confederacy]" ''[[IMDb]]'', September 15, 2011. Accessed: December 22, 2014.</ref> examining the area close to Lieutenant Dixon, found a misshapen $20 gold piece, minted in 1860, with the inscription ''"Shiloh April 6, 1862, My life Preserver G. E. D."'' on a sanded-smooth area of the coin's reverse side, and a [[Forensic anthropology|forensic anthropologist]] found a healed injury to Lt. Dixon's [[human pelvis|hip bone]]. The findings matched a family legend that Dixon's sweetheart, Queenie Bennett, had given him the coin to protect him. However, the supposed relationship between Bennett and Dixon has not been supported by archaeological investigations of the legend. Dixon had the coin with him at the [[Battle of Shiloh]], where he was wounded in the thigh on 6 April 1862. The bullet struck the coin in his pocket, saving his leg and possibly his life. He had the gold coin engraved and carried it as a lucky charm.<ref>{{cite news|title= Civil War legends surface with sub Fort Collins expert studies exhumed sailors|author=Ron Franscell|newspaper=The Denver Post|date=November 18, 2002|page=A1|author-link=Ron Franscell}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hunley.org/main_index.asp?CONTENT=GOLDCOIN|title=The Legend of the gold coin|website=hunley.org|access-date=26 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020811025755/http://www.hunley.org/main_index.asp?CONTENT=GOLDCOIN|archive-date=11 August 2002}}</ref>

Adam Jon Kronegh of the Danish National Archive identified the J.F. Carlsen of ''Hunley''. Johan Frederik Carlsen was born in [[Ærøskøbing]] 9 April 1841. The last year he was registered in the census of Ærøskøbing was 1860, when he was registered as a "sailor". His father was registered as a cobbler, and the teeth of Carlsen's remains in ''Hunley'' still bear significant marks of a so-called "tailor's notch", probably from helping his father with needle and thread from childhood.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-23 |title=J. F. Carlsen from the Hunley identified |url=https://www.sa.dk/en/home/hunley |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=April 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423040724/https://www.sa.dk/en/home/hunley |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> In 1861, J.F. Carlsen entered the freight ship ''Grethe'' of [[Dragør]]. The ship landed in Charleston in February 1861, where records in the Danish military archives show that Carlsen deserted the ship. In June 1861, he entered ''Jefferson Davis'' (the Confederate privateer brig originally named ''Putnam'') as a mate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sa.dk/en/home/hunley|title=Press release: J. F. Carlsen from the Hunley identified|date=28 September 2015|publisher=[[Danish National Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.b.dk/viden/mysteriet-om-den-8.-mand|title=Mysteriet om den 8. mand|trans-title=The Mystery of the 8th Man|date=27 September 2015|newspaper=[[Berlingske]]|language=da}}</ref>