Editing Grand Canyon (section)

====American exploration====
James Ohio Pattie, along with a group of American trappers and mountain men, may have been the next European to reach the canyon, in 1826.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kroeber |first1=A. L. |last2=Kroeber |first2=Clifton B. |last3=Euler |first3=R. C. |last4=Schreoder |first4=A. H. |title=The Route of James O. Pattie on the Colorado in 1826: A Reappraisal by A. L. Kroeber |journal=Arizona and the West |date=1964 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=119–136 |jstor=40167806 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40167806 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=March 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312153309/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40167806 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm5IAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA243 |title=New light on Pattie and the southwestern fur trade |first=Joseph J. |last=Hill |journal=Southwestern Historical Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=4 |year=1923 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621211235/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm5IAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA243 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Jacob Hamblin]], a [[Mormon]] missionary, was sent by [[Brigham Young]] in the 1850s to locate suitable river crossing sites in the canyon. Building good relations with local Hualapai and white settlers, he reached the [[Crossing of the Fathers]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Canyon Club hosts presentation on Crossing of the Fathers |url=https://lakepowellchronicle.com/article/canyon-club-hosts-presentation-on-crossing-of-the-fathers |website=Lake Powell Chronicle |date=April 20, 2022 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528131426/https://lakepowellchronicle.com/article/canyon-club-hosts-presentation-on-crossing-of-the-fathers |url-status=live }}</ref> crossed the location that would become [[Lees Ferry]] on a raft in 1858<ref name="Lee">{{cite web |title=Lee's Ferry Historic Site |url=https://pagelakepowellhub.com/historic-sites/ |website=The Page-Lake Powell Hub |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519112210/https://pagelakepowellhub.com/historic-sites/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Pearce Ferry, Lake Mead|Pearce Ferry]] (later operated by, and named for, [[Joseph Pearce|Harrison Pearce]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearce Ferry |url=https://www.westernriver.com/grand-canyon-river-trip/mile-by-mile-280-pearce-ferry |website=Western River Expeditions |access-date=June 21, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630184950/https://www.westernriver.com/grand-canyon-river-trip/mile-by-mile-280-pearce-ferry |url-status=live }}</ref> He also acted as an advisor to [[John Wesley Powell]], before his second expedition to the Grand Canyon, serving as a diplomat between Powell and the local native tribes to ensure the safety of his party.<ref name="Lee"/>
[[File:GRAND CANYON OF THE COLORADO, MOUTH OF PARIA CREEK, LOOKING WEST FROM PLATUEAU - NARA - 524227.tif|left|thumb|upright|[[William Bell (photographer)|William Bell]]'s photograph of the Grand Canyon, taken in 1872 as part of the [[Wheeler Survey|Wheeler expedition]]]]

In 1857, [[Edward Fitzgerald Beale]] was superintendent of an expedition to survey a wagon road along the 35th parallel from [[Fort Defiance, Arizona]] to the Colorado River. He led a small party of men in search of water on the [[Coconino Plateau]] near the canyon's south rim. On September 19, near present-day National Canyon, they came upon what May Humphreys Stacey described in his journal as "a wonderful canyon; four thousand feet deep. Everybody in the party admitted that he never before saw anything to match or equal this astonishing natural curiosity."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stacey |first1=May Humphreys |title=Uncle Sam's camels; the journal of May Humphreys Stacey supplemented by the report of Edward Fitzgerald Beale (1857–1858) edited by Lewis Burt Lesley |date=1929 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |page=100 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000664200&view=1up&seq=122&skin=2021&q1=%22wonderful%20canyon%22 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=November 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105045750/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000664200&view=1up&seq=122&skin=2021&q1=%22wonderful%20canyon%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Also in 1857, the U.S. [[United States Department of War|War Department]] asked Lieutenant Joseph Ives to lead an expedition to assess the feasibility of an up-river navigation from the Gulf of California. On December 31, 1857, Ives embarked from the mouth of the Colorado in the [[Paddle steamer|stern wheeler steamboat]] [[Explorer (sternwheeler)|''Explorer'']]. His party reached the lower end of Black Canyon on March 8, 1858, then continued on by rowboat past the mouth of the Virgin River after the ''Explorer'' struck a rock.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tabor |first1=C C |title=The Ives Expedition of 1858 |url=https://cawaterlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Ives-Expedition-of-1858.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826162102/https://cawaterlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Ives-Expedition-of-1858.pdf |archive-date=August 26, 2022 |url-status=live |location=El Centro, Calif. |publisher=Imperial Irrigation District |date=1968 |access-date=June 21, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Colorado Exploring Expedition (Ives Expedition) (1857–1858) |url=https://www.si.edu/object/auth_exp_fbr_EACE0014 |website=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=July 8, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708154203/https://www.si.edu/object/auth_exp_fbr_EACE0014 |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- some two months after George Johnson. who? --> Ives led his party east into the canyon&nbsp;– they may have been the first Europeans to travel the Diamond Creek drainage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Michael F. |title=Rim to River and Inner Canyon Trails – Nature, Culture and History at the Grand Canyon |url=https://grcahistory.org/sites/rim-to-river-and-inner-canyon-trails/ |website=Grand Canyon History |publisher=Arizona State University |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-date=September 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904175809/https://grcahistory.org/sites/rim-to-river-and-inner-canyon-trails/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In his "Report Upon the Colorado River of the West" to the Senate in 1861 Ives states that "The marvellous story of [[Garcia Lopez de Cardenas|Cardinas]], that had formed for so long a time the only record concerning this rather mythical locality, was rather magnified than detracted from by the accounts of one or two trappers, who professed to have seen the cañon".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ives |first1=Joseph C. |title=Report Upon the Colorado River of the West |date=1861 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA21 |language=en |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708154203/https://books.google.com/books?id=1xIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:'Noon Day Rest in Marble Canyon' from the second Powell Expedition 1872.jpg|thumb|upright|Noon rest in [[Marble Canyon]], second Powell Expedition, 1872]]

According to the ''[[San Francisco Herald]]'', in a series of articles run in 1853, Captain Joseph R. Walker in January 1851 with his nephew James T. Walker and six men, traveled up the Colorado River to a point where it joined the Virgin River and continued east into Arizona, traveling along the Grand Canyon and making short exploratory side trips along the way. Walker is reported to have said he wanted to visit the "Moqui" (Hopi) Indians. who he had met briefly before and found exceptionally interesting.<ref name="Gilbert">{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Bil |title=Westering Man: The Life of Joseph Walker |date=1985 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0806119342 |pages=236–238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7BQjaTxHy8C&q=Moqui |access-date=July 8, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213101950/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7BQjaTxHy8C&q=Moqui |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1858, [[John Strong Newberry]] became probably the first geologist to visit the Grand Canyon.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmEgAAAAIAAJ&q=In+1858,+John+Strong+Newberry+became+the+first+geologist+to+visit+the+Grand+Canyon |title=Geomorphology before Davis |last=Chorley |first=Richard J. |year=1984 |publisher=Methuen |language=en |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530070313/https://books.google.com/books?id=cmEgAAAAIAAJ&q=In+1858,+John+Strong+Newberry+became+the+first+geologist+to+visit+the+Grand+Canyon |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1869, Major [[John Wesley Powell]] set out to explore the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon in the first expedition down the canyon. Powell ordered a shipwright to build four reinforced Whitewall rowboats from Chicago and had them shipped west on the newly completed Continental railroad.<ref name="Stojka">{{cite web |last1=Stojka |first1=Andre |title=Shipping a boat over land west in 1869 |url=https://listen2read.com/getting-boat-west-1869/ |website=Listen2Read |date=October 7, 2015 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125439/https://listen2read.com/getting-boat-west-1869/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He hired nine men, including his brother Walter, and collected provisions for ten months. They set out from [[Green River, Wyoming]], on May 24.<ref name="Utah">{{cite web |title=Powell's 1869 Journey Down the Green and Colorado Rivers – Utah Geological Survey |url=https://geology.utah.gov/map-pub/survey-notes/powell-1869-river-journey/ |website=Utah Geological Survey |date=August 29, 2019 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813235653/https://geology.utah.gov/map-pub/survey-notes/powell-1869-river-journey/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 7, they lost one of their boats, 1/3 of their food, and other badly-needed supplies: as a result the team eventually had to subsist on starvation rations.<ref name="Howland"/> Passing through (or portaging around) a series of dangerous rapids, the group passed down the [[Green River (Colorado River tributary)|Green River]], reaching its [[confluence]] with the Colorado River, near present-day [[Moab, Utah]], on July 17. Continuing on down the Colorado River, the party encountered more rapids and falls.<ref name="Ribokas">{{cite web |last1=Ribokas |first1=Bob |title=The Powell Expedition |url=https://www.kaibab.org/kaibab.org/powell/powexp.htm |website=Grand Canyon Explorer |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=March 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308085605/http://www.kaibab.org/kaibab.org/powell/powexp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

On August 28, 1869, faced with what some felt to be impassable rapids, three men left the expedition on foot in an attempt to reach a settlement {{convert|75|mile}} away. Ironically, the remaining members went safely through the rapids on August 29, 1869, while Seneca Howland, Oramel Howland, and William H. Dunn were murdered.<ref name="Howland" /> The area through which the three men traveled was marked by tensions between farming and hunting [[Shivwits]] and incoming [[Mormon]] settlers. Which group was responsible for killing the three men has been hotly debated.<ref name="Waterman">{{cite web |last1=Waterman |first1=Jonathan |title=Seeking Hard Desert Truth |url=https://jonathanwaterman.com/media/2020/7/johnwesleypowell-expedition.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926233347/https://jonathanwaterman.com/media/2020/7/johnwesleypowell-expedition.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |url-status=live |website=jonathanwaterman.com |access-date=June 21, 2022}}</ref> Powell himself visited the area the following year, and was told (through a Mormon interpreter) that the Shivwits had mistakenly killed the men, believing them to be prospectors who had murdered an Indian woman. He chose to smoke a peace pipe with them.<ref name="Howland">{{cite news |title=Oramel G. Howland (1833–1869) Seneca B. Howland (1843–1869) William Dunn (? – 1869) |url=http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/canyon/peopleevents/pandeAMEX02.html |access-date=June 21, 2022 |work=American Experience |agency=PBS |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518015851/http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/canyon/peopleevents/pandeAMEX02.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=John Wesley Powell's Undertakings |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/john-wesley-powell-undertakings/ |access-date=June 21, 2022 |work=American Experience |agency=PBS |language=en |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530070255/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/john-wesley-powell-undertakings/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Powell went on to become the first Director of the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution (1879–1902) and the second Director of the US Geological Survey (1881–1894).<ref>{{cite web |title=John Wesley Powell |url=https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/john-wesley-powell |website=U.S. Geological Survey |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621200807/https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/john-wesley-powell |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the first to use the term "Grand Canyon", in 1871; previously it had been called the "Big Canyon".<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grand&allowed_in_frame=0 ''Grand''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110153/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grand&allowed_in_frame=0 |date=March 4, 2016 }}, Etymonline.com</ref>

In 1889, Frank M. Brown wanted to build a railroad along the Colorado River to carry coal. He, his chief engineer [[Robert Brewster Stanton]], and 14 others started to explore the Grand Canyon in poorly designed cedar wood boats, with no life preservers. Brown drowned in an accident near [[Marble Canyon]]: Stanton made new boats and proceeded to explore the Colorado all of the way to the [[Gulf of California]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/1508/sec4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106185414/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/1508/sec4.htm |archive-date=November 6, 2012 |work=The Geologic Story of Colorado National Monument |title=Late Arrivals |publisher=United States Geological Survey |id=Geological Survey Bulletin 1508 |access-date=November 7, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Grand Canyon became an official national monument in 1908 and a national park in 1919.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explorethecanyon.com/explore-learn/grand-canyon-facts/ |title=Grand Canyon Facts |work=National Geographic Visitor Center, Arizona |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219170547/http://explorethecanyon.com/explore-learn/grand-canyon-facts/ |archive-date=February 19, 2016}}</ref>