Editing Goitre (section)

==History==
[[File:Cretinnen aus Steiermark, 1819 gez. Loder, gest. Leopold Müller.jpg|thumb|left|Goitre and [[congenital iodine deficiency syndrome]] in [[Styria]], copper engraving, 1815]]
[[File:Miesbacher gebirgstracht frau.jpg|thumb|Woman in Miesbacher Tracht wearing a goitre choker]]
Chinese physicians of the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907) were the first to successfully treat patients with goitre by using the iodine-rich thyroid gland of animals such as sheep and pigs—in raw, pill, or powdered form.<ref name = "Temple_1986">{{cite book | vauthors = Temple R | date = 1986 | title = The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention | location = New York | publisher = Simon and Schuster, Inc. | isbn = 0-671-62028-2 | pages = 134–5}}</ref> This was outlined in Zhen Quan's (d. 643&nbsp;AD) book, as well as several others.<ref name = "Temple_1986" /> One Chinese book, ''The Pharmacopoeia of the Heavenly Husbandman'', asserted that iodine-rich [[sargassum]] was used to treat goitre patients by the 1st century BC, but this book was written much later.<ref name = "Temple_1986" />

In the 12th century, [[Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani]], a [[Islamic medicine|Persian physician]], provided the first description of [[Graves' disease]] after noting the association of goitre and a displacement of the eye known as [[exophthalmos]] in his ''Thesaurus of the Shah of Khwarazm'', the major medical dictionary of its time.<ref name=WNI>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|1517|Basedow's syndrome or disease}} – the history and naming of the disease</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ljunggren JG | title = [Who was the man behind the syndrome: Ismail al-Jurjani, Testa, Flagani, Parry, Graves or Basedow? Use the term hyperthyreosis instead] | journal = Läkartidningen | volume = 80 | issue = 32–33 | pages = 2902 | date = August 1983 | pmid = 6355710 }}</ref> The disease was later named after Irish doctor [[Robert James Graves]], who described a case of goitre with exophthalmos in 1835. The German [[Karl Adolph von Basedow]] also independently reported the same constellation of symptoms in 1840, while earlier reports of the disease were also published by the Italians Giuseppe Flajani and Antonio Giuseppe Testa, in 1802 and 1810 respectively,<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|doctor|1471|Giuseppe Flajani}}</ref> and by the English physician [[Caleb Hillier Parry]] (a friend of [[Edward Jenner]]) in the late 18th century.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hull G | title = Caleb Hillier Parry 1755-1822: a notable provincial physician | journal = Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine | volume = 91 | issue = 6 | pages = 335–8 | date = June 1998 | pmid = 9771526 | pmc = 1296785 | doi = 10.1177/014107689809100618 }}</ref>

[[Paracelsus]] (1493–1541) was the first person to propose a relationship between goitre and minerals (particularly lead) in drinking water.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442424/Paracelsus/5505/Assessment "Paracelsus"] Britannica</ref> [[Iodine]] was later discovered by [[Bernard Courtois]] in 1811 from seaweed ash.<ref>{{cite journal |title=VI. Some experiments and observations on a new substance which becomes a violet coloured gas by heat |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |date=31 December 1814 |volume=104 |pages=74–93 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1814.0007 }}</ref>

Goitre was previously common in many areas that were deficient in iodine in the [[soil]]. For example, in the [[English Midlands]], the condition was known as '''Derbyshire Neck'''. In the [[United States]], goitre was found in the [[Appalachia]]n,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thyroid.org/iodine-deficiency/|title=Iodine Deficiency|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118193754/https://www.thyroid.org/iodine-deficiency/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/507625|doi = 10.1001/archpedi.1977.02120210044010|title = Kentucky Appalachian Goiter Without Iodine Deficiency|year = 1977|last1 = Hollingsworth|first1 = Dorothy R.|journal = American Journal of Diseases of Children|volume = 131|issue = 8| pages=866–869 | pmid=888801 }}</ref> [[Great Lakes]], [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], and [[Intermountain West|Intermountain]] regions. The condition is now practically absent in affluent nations, where [[Sodium chloride|table salt]] is [[Iodized salt|supplemented with iodine]]. However, it is still prevalent in [[India]], China,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/16/health/16iodine.html "In Raising the World's I.Q., the Secret's in the Salt"], article by Donald G. McNeil, Jr., 16 December 2006, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> [[Central Asia]], and [[Central Africa]].

Goitre had been prevalent in the alpine countries for a long time. Switzerland reduced the condition by introducing [[iodized salt]] in 1922. The Bavarian [[tracht]] in the [[Miesbach (district)|Miesbach]] and [[Salzburg (state)|Salzburg]] regions, which appeared in the 19th century, includes a [[choker]], dubbed ''Kropfband'' (struma band) which was used to hide either the goitre or the remnants of goitre surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planet-wissen.de/pw/Artikel,,,,,,,FC2D0E589CC11ACEE0340003BA5E0905,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.html|title=Planet Wissen|first=Planet|last=Wissen|date=16 March 2017}}</ref>

In various regions around the world, particularly in mountainous areas, the prevalence of goiter was linked to iodine deficiency in the diet. For example, the Alps, the Himalayas, and the Andes had high rates of goiter due to the iodine-poor soil. In these regions, iodine deficiency led to widespread hormonal imbalances, particularly affecting thyroid function.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dunn |first1=John T. |last2=Delange |first2=Francois |date=June 2001 |title=Damaged Reproduction: The Most Important Consequence of Iodine Deficiency |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=2360–2363 |doi=10.1210/jcem.86.6.7611 |pmid=11397823 }}</ref>