Editing Goguryeo (section)

===Zenith of Goguryeo's Power (391 to 531 AD)===
[[File:Rubbing of the Gwanggaeto S.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Detail of a rubbing of the [[Gwanggaeto Stele]] (414 AD), one of the few surviving records made by Goguryeo, written in [[Classical Chinese]].]]
[[File:Kevsunblush2.JPG|thumb|220px|right|A royal tomb, located in [[Ji'an, Jilin]], China, was built by the Goguryeo Kingdom.]]

Goguryeo experienced a golden age under [[Gwanggaeto the Great]] and his son [[Jangsu of Goguryeo|Jangsu]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Hyŏn-hŭi|last2=Pak|first2=Sŏng-su|last3=Yun|first3=Nae-hyŏn|title=New history of Korea|year=2005|publisher=Jimoondang|isbn=978-8988095850|page=201|url={{GBurl|id=KO8MAQAAMAAJ}}|language=en}} "He launched a military expedition to expand his territory, opening the golden age of Goguryeo."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=John Whitney|title=The Cambridge History of Japan|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521223522|page=362|url={{GBurl|id=A3_6lp8IOK8C|q=%22The+reign+of+King+Kwanggaet%27o+is+thought+of+as+Koguryo%27s+golden+age+of+political+might+and+Buddhist+splendor.%22}}|access-date=29 July 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Embree|first1=Ainslie Thomas|title=Encyclopedia of Asian history|year=1988|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-0684188997|page=324|url={{GBurl|id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ|q=%22Nevertheless%2C+the+reigns+of+Kwanggaet%27o+and+his+successor+Changsu+%28413-491%29+constituted+the+golden+age+of+Koguryo.%22}}|access-date=29 July 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Warren I.|title=East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World|date=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231502511|page=50|url={{GBurl|id=Okjd2rDwb8IC|q=%22Koguryo%27s+Golden+Age%22}}|access-date=29 July 2016|language=en}}</ref> During this period, Goguryeo territories included three fourths of the [[Korean Peninsula]], including what is now [[Seoul]], almost all of Manchuria,<ref name="Jinwung">{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|date=2012|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0253000781|pages=35–36|url={{GBurl|id=QFPsi3IK8gcC|p=35}}|access-date=15 July 2016|language=en}}</ref> and parts of [[Inner Mongolia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tudor|first1=Daniel|title=Korea: The Impossible Country: The Impossible Country|date=2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1462910229|url={{GBurl|id=BA_QAgAAQBAJ|q=Inner+Mongolia}}|access-date=15 July 2016|language=en}}</ref> There is archaeological evidence that Goguryeo's maximum extent lay even further west in now [[Mongolia]], based on discoveries of [[Korean fortress|Goguryeo fortress]] ruins in Mongolia.<ref>{{cite web|last1=김운회|script-title=ko:한국과 몽골, 그 천년의 비밀을 찾아서|url=http://www.pressian.com/news/article.html?no=113599|website=[[Pressian]]|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Korea Press Foundation|access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2023}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=成宇濟|script-title=ko:고고학자 손보기 교수|url=http://www.sisapress.com/journal/articlePrint/99094|website=[[Sisa Journal]]|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031650/http://www.sisapress.com/journal/articlePrint/99094|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2023}}<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:[초원 실크로드를 가다](14)초원로가 한반도까지|url=http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_travel/khan_art_view.html?artid=200905061508575|website=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]]|date = 19 August 2009|access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref>

Gwanggaeto the Great (r. 391–412) was a highly energetic [[Taewang|emperor]] who is remembered for his rapid military expansion of the realm.<ref name="William E. Henthorn' page 34" /> He instituted the era name of ''Yeongnak'' or ''Eternal Rejoicing'', affirming that Goguryeo was on equal standing with the dynasties in the Chinese mainland.<ref name="Jinwung" /><ref name="Lee" /><ref name="Djun">{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Djun Kil|title=The History of Korea|edition=2nd|date= 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1610695824|page=32|url={{GBurl|id=IgxvBAAAQBAJ|p=32}}|access-date=4 August 2016|language=en}}</ref> Gwanggaeto conquered 64 walled cities and 1,400 villages during his campaigns.<ref name="Lee" /><ref name="Jinwung" /> To the west, he destroyed neighboring [[Khitan people|Khitan]] tribes and invaded [[Later Yan]], conquering the entire [[Liaodong Peninsula]];<ref name="Lee" /><ref name="Jinwung" /><ref name="Djun" /> to the north and east, he annexed much of [[Buyeo]] and conquered the [[Sushen]], who were [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] ancestors of the [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]] and [[Manchu people|Manchus]];<ref>{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Hugh Dyson|title=East Asia: A New History|date=2012|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1477265161|page=137|url={{GBurl|id=3Z3a0NU4RHMC|p=137}}|access-date=4 August 2016|language=en|quote=He also conquered Sushen tribes in the northeast, Tungusic ancestors of the Jurcid and Manchus who later ruled Chinese "barbarian conquest dynasties" during the twelfth and seventeenth centuries.}}{{self-published source|date=December 2017}}</ref> and to the south, he defeated and subjugated [[Baekje]], contributed to the dissolution of [[Geumgwan Gaya|Gaya]], and vassalized [[Silla]] after defending it from a coalition of Baekje, Gaya, and Wa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Peter H.|last2=Ch'oe|first2=Yongho|last3=Kang|first3=Hugh H. W.|title=Sources of Korean Tradition: Volume One: From Early Times Through the Sixteenth Century|date= 1996|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231515313|pages=25–26|url={{GBurl|id=x9q69SroxWkC|p=25}}|access-date=21 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> Gwanggaeto brought about a loose unification of the Korean Peninsula,<ref name="Jinwung" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Kings and Queens of Korea|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/archive/program/program_dynasty.htm?no=10039827|website=[[KBS World Radio]]|publisher=Korea Communications Commission|access-date=7 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828051916/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/archive/program/program_dynasty.htm?no=10039827|archive-date=28 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and achieved undisputed control of most of [[Manchuria]] and over two thirds of the Korean Peninsula.<ref name="Jinwung" />

Gwanggaeto's exploits were recorded on a huge [[Gwanggaeto Stele|memorial stele]] erected by his son Jangsu, located in present-day [[Ji'an, Jilin|Ji'an]] on the border between China and North Korea.

[[Jangsu of Goguryeo|Jangsu]] (r. 413–491) ascended to the throne in 413 and moved the capital in 427 to [[Pyongyang]], a more suitable region to grow into a burgeoning metropolitan capital,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Ki-Baik|title=A New History of Korea|date=1984|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0674615762|pages=38–40}} "This move from a region of narrow mountain valleys to a broad riverine plain indicates that the capital could no longer remain primarily a military encampment but had to be developed into a metropolitan center for the nation's political, economic, and social life."</ref> which led Goguryeo to achieve a high level of cultural and economic prosperity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253000781|page=36|url={{GBurl|id=QFPsi3IK8gcC|p=36}}|access-date=15 July 2016|language=en|date=2012-11-05}} "Because Pyongyang was located in the vast, fertile Taedong River basin and had been the center of advanced culture of Old Chosŏn and Nangnang, this move led Koguryŏ to attain a high level of economic and cultural prosperity."</ref> Jangsu, like his father, continued Goguryeo's territorial expansion into Manchuria and reached the [[Songhua River]] to the north.<ref name="Jinwung" /> He invaded the Khitans, and then attacked the [[Didouyu]], located in eastern Mongolia, with his [[Rouran Khaganate|Rouran]] allies.<ref>{{cite book|script-title=ko:한나절에 읽는 백제의 역사|publisher=ebookspub(이북스펍)|isbn=979-1155191965|url={{GBurl|id=w8N3BgAAQBAJ|p=474}}|access-date=16 November 2016|language=ko|date=2014}}</ref> Like his father, Jangsu also achieved a loose unification of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]].<ref name="Jinwung" /> He defeated Baekje and Silla and gained large amounts of territory from both.<ref name="Lee" /><ref name="Jinwung" /> In addition, Jangsu's long reign saw the perfecting of Goguryeo's political, economic and other institutional arrangements.<ref name="Lee" /> Jangsu ruled Goguryeo for 79 years until the age of 98,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Ki-Baik|title=A New History of Korea|date=1984|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0674615762|pages=38–40}}</ref> the longest reign in East Asian history.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Hugh Dyson|title=East Asia: A New History|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477265161|page=137|url={{GBurl|id=3Z3a0NU4RHMC|q=%22King+Changsu+succeeded+Kwanggaet%27o+and+ruled+Koguryo+for+79+years+%28412%E2%80%93491%29+the+longest+reign+in+East+Asian%2C+and+possibly%2C+world+history%21%22}}|access-date=29 July 2016|language=en|date=November 2012}}{{self-published source|date=December 2017}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}

During the reign of [[Munjamyeong of Goguryeo|Munja]], Goguryeo completely annexed Buyeo, signifying Goguryeo's furthest-ever expansion north, while continuing its strong influence over the kingdoms of Silla and Baekje, and the tribes of Wuji and Khitan.