Editing Glycolysis (section)

=== Free energy changes ===
{| align="right" class="wikitable"
|+ Concentrations of metabolites in [[Red blood cell|erythrocytes]]<ref name = "Garrett_2005">{{Cite book | vauthors = Garrett R, Grisham CM | title = Biochemistry | place = Belmont, CA | publisher = Thomson Brooks/Cole | year = 2005 | edition = 3rd | page = 584 | isbn = 978-0-534-49033-1 }}</ref>{{rp|584}}
! Compound
! Concentration / mM
|-
|Glucose
|5.0
|-
|Glucose-6-phosphate
|0.083
|-
|Fructose-6-phosphate
|0.014
|-
|Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
|0.031
|-
|Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
|0.14
|-
|Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
|0.019
|-
|1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
|0.001
|-
|2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
|4.0
|-
|3-Phosphoglycerate
|0.12
|-
|2-Phosphoglycerate
|0.03
|-
|Phosphoenolpyruvate
|0.023
|-
|Pyruvate
|0.051
|-
|ATP
|1.85
|-
|ADP
|0.14
|-
|P<sub>i</sub>
|1.0
|}

The change in free energy, Δ''G'', for each step in the glycolysis pathway can be calculated using Δ''G'' = Δ''G''°′ + ''RT''ln ''Q'', where ''Q'' is the [[reaction quotient]].  This requires knowing the concentrations of the [[Metabolomics|metabolites]].  All of these values are available for [[Red blood cell|erythrocytes]], with the exception of the concentrations of NAD<sup>+</sup> and NADH.  The ratio of [[NADH|NAD<sup>+</sup> to NADH]] in the cytoplasm is approximately 1000, which makes the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (step 6) more favourable.

Using the measured concentrations of each step, and the standard free energy changes, the actual free energy change can be calculated. (Neglecting this is very common—the delta G of ATP hydrolysis in cells is not the standard free energy change of ATP hydrolysis quoted in textbooks).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Change in free energy for each step of glycolysis<ref name = "Garrett_2005" />{{rp|582–583}}
! Step
! Reaction
! colspan=2|Δ''G''°′ <br> (kJ/mol)
! colspan=2|Δ''G'' <br> (kJ/mol)
|-
| 1
| Glucose + ATP<sup>4−</sup> → Glucose-6-phosphate<sup>2−</sup> + ADP<sup>3−</sup> + H<sup>+</sup>
| {{decimal cell|−16.7}}
| {{decimal cell|−34}}
|-
| 2
| Glucose-6-phosphate<sup>2−</sup> → Fructose-6-phosphate<sup>2−</sup>
| {{decimal cell|1.67}}
| {{decimal cell|−2.9}}
|-
| 3
| Fructose-6-phosphate<sup>2−</sup> + ATP<sup>4−</sup> → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate<sup>4−</sup> + ADP<sup>3−</sup> + H<sup>+</sup>
| {{decimal cell|−14.2}}
| {{decimal cell|−19}}
|-
| 4
| Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate<sup>4−</sup> → Dihydroxyacetone phosphate<sup>2−</sup> + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate<sup>2−</sup>
| {{decimal cell|23.9}}
| {{decimal cell|−0.23}}
|-
| 5
| Dihydroxyacetone phosphate<sup>2−</sup> → Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate<sup>2−</sup>
| {{decimal cell|7.56}}
| {{decimal cell|2.4}}
|-
| 6
| Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate<sup>2−</sup> + P<sub>i</sub><sup>2−</sup> + NAD<sup>+</sup> → 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate<sup>4−</sup> + NADH + H<sup>+</sup>
| {{decimal cell|6.30}}
| {{decimal cell|−1.29}}
|-
| 7
| 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate<sup>4−</sup> + ADP<sup>3−</sup> → 3-Phosphoglycerate<sup>3−</sup> + ATP<sup>4−</sup>
| {{decimal cell|−18.9}}
| {{decimal cell|0.09}}
|-
| 8
| 3-Phosphoglycerate<sup>3−</sup> → 2-Phosphoglycerate<sup>3−</sup>
| {{decimal cell|4.4}}
| {{decimal cell|0.83}}
|-
| 9
| 2-Phosphoglycerate<sup>3−</sup> → Phosphoenolpyruvate<sup>3−</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O
| {{decimal cell|1.8}}
| {{decimal cell|1.1}}
|-
| 10
| Phosphoenolpyruvate<sup>3−</sup> + ADP<sup>3−</sup> + H<sup>+</sup> → Pyruvate<sup>−</sup> + ATP<sup>4−</sup>
| {{decimal cell|−31.7}}
| {{decimal cell|−23.0}}
|}

From measuring the physiological concentrations of metabolites in an erythrocyte it seems that about seven of the steps in glycolysis are in equilibrium for that cell type. Three of the steps—the ones with large negative free energy changes—are not in equilibrium and are referred to as ''irreversible''; such steps are often subject to regulation.

Step 5 in the figure is shown behind the other steps, because that step is a side-reaction that can decrease or increase the concentration of the intermediate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.  That compound is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase, which is a [[kinetic perfection|catalytically perfect]] enzyme; its rate is so fast that the reaction can be assumed to be in equilibrium.  The fact that Δ''G'' is not zero indicates that the actual concentrations in the erythrocyte are not accurately known.