Editing Gerund (section)

===Slavic===
In descriptions of Slavic languages, the term ''gerund'' refers to verbal forms that are also frequently referred to as ''verbal adverb'', ''adverbial participle'', or (in some Slavic languages) ''deepričastie''. These forms describe circumstances, actions concurrent (''present gerund'') or immediately preceding (''past gerund'') those in the predicate. Morphologically they are uninflected (except in Czech),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sussex |first1=Roland |author-link=Roland Sussex |last2=Cubberley |first2=Paul |year=2006 |title=The Slavic Languages |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-45728-6 |pages=305–308}}</ref> and syntactically they have an adverbial function, and thus generally bear resemblance to Romance gerunds such as those found in Italian,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Grammatica della lingua serbo-croata (illirica) |last=Budmani |first=Pietro |year=1867 |location=Vienna |publisher=[a spese dell' autore] |pages=239 |url=https://archive.org/details/budmani-grammatica-della-lingua-serbo-croata-illirica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Итальянский язык. Грамматика |last=Эспозито |first=Мария Антония |publisher=Астрель |year=2009 |location=Москва |pages=191 |last2=Ресслер |first2=Вольфганг |translator-last=Ганина |translator-first=Н.А.}}</ref> rather than to noun-like gerunds in English<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The English Gerund as a Subject and its Serbo-Croatian Structural Equivalents |journal=The Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian - English Contrastive Project |last=Bibović |first=Ljiljana |volume=7 |pages=4 |publisher=Institute of Linguistics / Center for Applied Linguistics |year=1973 |editor-last=Filipović |editor-first=Rudolf |location=Zagreb / Washington D.C.}}</ref> or Latin.
* In [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], it translates the term {{Lang|bg|деепричастие}} (deepriʧastije). It refers to the verb noun formed by adding the suffix -{{lang|bg|йки}} (''-jki'') to the verb form, like {{lang|bg|ходи}} (''hodi, he/she/it walks'') – {{lang|bg|ходейки}} (''hodejki, while walking'')
* In [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], it refers to the verb noun formed by adding the suffix -{{lang|mk|јќи}} (''-jḱi'') to the verb form, like in јаде (''jade, he eats'') — {{lang|mk|јадејќи}} (''jadejḱi, while eating'').
* In [[Russian language|Russian]], it translates the term {{lang|ru|деепричастие}} (''dejepričastije'') an adverbial participle formed with the suffixes -{{lang|ru|я}} (''-ja)'' Present; -{{lang|ru|в}} (''-v'') or -{{lang|ru|вши}} (''-vši'') Past.<ref>Using Russian: A Guide to Contemporary Usage, By Derek Offord, page xxiii</ref><ref>Oxford Essential Russian Dictionary, OUP Oxford, 13 May 2010, page 46</ref><ref>{{lang|ru|Улучшим наш русский! Часть 1}}, By {{lang|ru|Дел Филлипс, Наталья Волкова}}, page 171</ref>
* In [[Serbo-Croatian]], it was used to refer to what are now classified as participles / verbal adverbs: present (''-ći'') and past (''-vši'', sometimes ''-v''). Modern grammars rarely use the term.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gramatika hrvatskoga ili srpskoga književnog jezika |last=Maretić |first=Tomo |publisher=Matica hrvatska |year=1963 |edition=3rd |location=Zagreb |pages=232}}</ref>
Additionally, some linguists use the term to refer to [[verbal noun]]s, historically formed with the [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-%D1%8Cje *-ьje] suffix,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Słownik prasłowiański. Tom I (A – B) |publisher=Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich / |year=1974 |pages=85 |editor-last=Sławski |editor-first=Franciszek}}</ref> such as Serbo-Croatian {{lang|sh|glȅdānje}} (from {{lang|sh|glȅdati}})<ref>{{Cite book |title=Osnovi morfologije: Prilog gramatici savremenog standardnog jezika |last=Šipka |first=Danko |publisher=Alma |year=2005 |isbn=86-84023-40-4 |location=Beograd |pages=232}}</ref> or Polish {{lang|pl|chodzenie}} (from {{lang|pl|chodzić}}).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar |last=Sadowska |first=Iwona |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-415-47540-2 |pages=48}}</ref>