Editing Gender studies (section)

=== Academic Institutions ===

==== Early ====
''[[Institut für Sexualwissenschaft]]'' (Institute for Sexual Science) was a German Institution that preexisted [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] rule in [[Germany]]. The research based institute was in operation from 1919-1933. The Institute was lost to two waves of attacks that led to the loss of approximately 12,000-20,000 journals, books and articles, with others suggesting larger numbers, not including other media materials.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard J. |title=The coming of the Third Reich |date=2004 |publisher=The Penguin Press |isbn=978-1-59420-004-5 |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Book Destruction from the Medieval to the Contemporary |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-137-36766-2 |editor-last=Partington |editor-first=Gillian |series=New Directions in Book History |location=Oxford |editor-last2=Smyth |editor-first2=Adam}}</ref>

==== Post-structural - Modern ====

After the universal suffrage revolution of the twentieth century, the [[women's liberation movement]] of the 1960s and 1970s promoted a revision from the feminists to "actively interrogate" the usual and accepted versions of history as it was known at the time. It was the goal of many feminist scholars to question original assumptions regarding women's and men's attributes, to actually measure them, and to report observed differences between women and men.<ref name="Chafetz, Janet Saltzman 1999">{{cite book | editor-last=Chafetz | editor-first=Janet Saltzman | title=Handbook of the Sociology of Gender | location=New York | publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum | year=1999 }}</ref> Initially, these programs were essentially feminist, designed to recognize contributions made by women as well as by men. Soon, men began to look at masculinity the same way that women were looking at femininity, and developed an area of study called "men's studies".<ref name="Douglas, Fedwa 2007">Douglas, Fedwa. ''Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender''. Detroit: Macmillan Reference, 2007. Print.</ref> It was not until the late 1980s and 1990s that scholars recognized a need for study in the field of sexuality. This was due to the increasing interest in lesbian and gay rights, and scholars found that most individuals will associate sexuality and gender together, rather than as separate entities.<ref name="Douglas, Fedwa 2007"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Liddington|first=Jill|title=HISTORY, FEMINISM AND GENDER STUDIES|url=http://www.jliddington.org.uk/cig1.html|publisher=University of Leeds Centre for Interdisciplinary Gender Studies: Working Paper 1 Feminist Scholarship: within/across/between/beyond the disciplines}}</ref>

==== Contemporary ====
Although doctoral programs for women's studies have existed since 1990, the first doctoral program for a potential PhD in gender studies in the United States was approved in November 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/11/10/gender |title=Indiana Creates First Gender Studies PhD |date=10 November 2005 |first=Scott |last=Jaschik |quote=The last decade has seen the number of women's studies PhD programs grow to at least 10 – most of them relatively new. Last week, Indiana University's board approved the creation of a program that will be both similar and different from those 10: the first doctoral program in the United States exclusively in gender studies.}}</ref> In 2015, [[Kabul University]] became the first university in Afghanistan to offer a master's degree course in gender and women's studies.<ref>{{cite web|author=FaithWorld |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2015/10/26/kabul-university-unlikely-host-for-first-afghan-womens-studies-programme/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027133909/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2015/10/26/kabul-university-unlikely-host-for-first-afghan-womens-studies-programme/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 October 2015 |title=Kabul University unlikely host for first Afghan women's studies programme |publisher=Blogs.reuters.com |date=26 October 2015 |access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref> After the [[2021 Taliban offensive|Taliban took over the Afghan capital]], the university fell under their control and banned women from attending.<ref>{{cite web |title=Afghanistan: Taliban ban women from universities amid condemnation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64045497 |website=BBC News |access-date=13 January 2023 |date=20 December 2022}}</ref>