Editing Gender identity (section)

==== Intersex people ====
{{Main|Intersex}}
Estimates of the number of people who are [[intersex]] range from 0.018% to 1.7%, depending on which conditions are counted as intersex.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Blackless M, Charuvastra A, Derryck A, Fausto-Sterling A, Lauzanne K, Lee E |date=March 2000 |title=How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis |journal=American Journal of Human Biology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=151–166 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(200003/04)12:2<151::AID-AJHB1>3.0.CO;2-F |pmid=11534012 |s2cid=453278}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sax L |date=August 2002 |title=How common is intersex? a response to Anne Fausto-Sterling |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=174–178 |doi=10.1080/00224490209552139 |pmid=12476264 |s2cid=33795209}}</ref> An intersex person is one possessing any of several variations in [[sex]] characteristics including [[chromosome]]s, [[gonad]]s, [[sex hormones]], or [[genital]]s that, according to the United Nations [[Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]], "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies".<ref name="unfe-fact">{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2015 |title=Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex |url=https://unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071043/https://unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |publisher=United Nations [[Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}</ref> An intersex variation may complicate initial [[sex assignment]]<ref name="Mieszczak2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mieszczak J, Houk CP, Lee PA |date=August 2009 |title=Assignment of the sex of rearing in the neonate with a disorder of sex development |journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=541–547 |doi=10.1097/mop.0b013e32832c6d2c |pmc=4104182 |pmid=19444113}}</ref> and that assignment may not be consistent with the child's future gender identity.<ref name="coe">{{Citation |last1=Council of Europe |title=Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper |date=April 2015 |url=https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=CommDH/IssuePaper(2015)1&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=original |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106203349/https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=CommDH%2FIssuePaper%282015%291&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=original |archive-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live |last2=Commissioner for Human Rights |author1-link=Council of Europe}}</ref> Reinforcing sex assignments through surgical and hormonal means may violate the individual's [[Intersex human rights|rights]].<ref name="swissnek">{{Cite book |url=http://www.nek-cne.ch/fileadmin/nek-cne-dateien/Themen/Stellungnahmen/en/NEK_Intersexualitaet_En.pdf |title=On the management of differences of sex development. Ethical issues relating to "intersexuality".Opinion No. 20/2012 |date=November 2012 |publisher=Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics NEK-CNE |location=Berne |access-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423213245/http://www.nek-cne.ch/fileadmin/nek-cne-dateien/Themen/Stellungnahmen/en/NEK_Intersexualitaet_En.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="who2015">{{Cite book |last=[[World Health Organization]] |title=Sexual health, human rights and the law |date=2015 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-9241564984 |location=Geneva}}</ref>

A 2005 study on the gender identity outcomes of female-raised [[46,XY]] persons with [[penile agenesis]], [[cloacal exstrophy]] of the bladder, or penile [[ablation]], found that 78% of the study subjects were living as female, as opposed to 22% who decided to initiate a sex change to male in line with their genetic sex.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meyer-Bahlburg HF |date=August 2005 |title=Gender identity outcome in female-raised 46,XY persons with penile agenesis, cloacal exstrophy of the bladder, or penile ablation |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=423–438 |doi=10.1007/s10508-005-4342-9 |pmid=16010465 |s2cid=34971769}}</ref> The study concludes: "The findings clearly indicate an increased risk of later patient-initiated gender re-assignment to male after female assignment in infancy or early childhood, but are nevertheless incompatible with the notion of a full determination of core gender identity by prenatal androgens."

A 2012 clinical review paper found that between 8.5% and 20% of people with intersex variations experienced [[gender dysphoria]].<ref name="furtado">{{cite journal |vauthors=Furtado PS, Moraes F, Lago R, Barros LO, Toralles MB, Barroso U |date=November 2012 |title=Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development |journal=Nature Reviews. Urology |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=620–627 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2012.182 |pmid=23045263 |s2cid=22294512}}</ref> Sociological research in Australia, a country with a third 'X' sex classification, shows that 19% of people born with atypical sex characteristics selected an "X" or "other" option, while 52% are women, 23% men, and 6% unsure. At birth, 52% of persons in the study were assigned female, and 41% were assigned male.<ref name="oiijones">{{cite web |date=3 February 2016 |title=New publication "Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia" |url=https://oii.org.au/30313/intersex-stories-statistics-australia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829033933/https://oii.org.au/30313/intersex-stories-statistics-australia/ |archive-date=29 August 2016 |access-date=18 August 2016 |website=[[Organisation Intersex International Australia]]}}</ref><ref name="jones2016">{{Cite book |url=http://oii.org.au/wp-content/uploads/key/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf |title=Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia |vauthors=Jones T, Hart B, Carpenter M, Ansara G, Leonard W, Lucke J |date=2016 |publisher=Open Book Publishers |isbn=978-1-78374-208-0 |location=Cambridge, UK |access-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914152729/http://oii.org.au/wp-content/uploads/key/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf |archive-date=14 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A study by Reiner & Gearhart provides some insight into what can happen when genetically male children with cloacal exstrophy are sexually assigned female and raised as girls,<ref name="Rosario">{{cite web |author-link=Vernon Rosario |title=Reiner & Gearhart's NEJM Study on Cloacal Exstrophy – Review by Vernon Rosario, M.D., Ph.D |url=http://www.isna.org/node/564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219025939/http://www.isna.org/node/564 |archive-date=19 February 2013 |access-date=4 April 2011 |website=[[Intersex Society of North America]] |vauthors=Rosario V}}</ref> according to an 'optimal gender policy' developed by [[John Money]]:<ref name="swissnek" /> in a sample of 14 children, follow-up between the ages of 5 and 12 showed that 8 of them identified as boys, and all of the subjects had at least moderately male-typical attitudes and interests,<ref name="Rosario" /> providing support for the argument that genetic variables affect gender identity and behavior independent of socialization.