Editing Gasoline (section)

==Additives==
{{See also|List of gasoline additives}}

===Antiknock additives===

====Tetraethyl lead====
{{main|Tetraethyl lead}}
<!--This section is linked from [[Lead]]-->

Gasoline, when used in high-[[Compression (physical)|compression]] internal combustion engines, tends to auto-ignite or "detonate" causing damaging [[engine knocking]] (also called "pinging" or "pinking"). To address this problem, [[Tetraethyllead|tetraethyl lead]] (TEL) was widely adopted as an additive for gasoline in the 1920s. With a growing awareness of the seriousness of the extent of environmental and health damage caused by lead compounds, however, and the incompatibility of lead with [[catalytic converter]]s, governments began to mandate reductions in gasoline lead.

In the U.S., the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] issued regulations to reduce the lead content of leaded gasoline over a series of annual phases, scheduled to begin in 1973 but delayed by court appeals until 1976. By 1995, leaded fuel accounted for only 0.6 percent of total gasoline sales and under {{convert|2000|ST|t|abbr=off|sp=us|disp=output only}} ({{convert|{{convert|2000|ST|t|disp=output number only}}|t|ST LT|sp=us|disp=output only}}) of lead per year. From 1 January 1996, the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|U.S. Clean Air Act]] banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on-road vehicles in the U.S. The use of TEL also necessitated other additives, such as [[dibromoethane]].

European countries began replacing lead-containing additives by the end of the 1980s, and by the end of the 1990s, leaded gasoline was banned within the entire European Union with an exception for [[Avgas#100LL (blue)|Avgas 100LL]] for [[general aviation]].<ref name="q566">{{cite web | last=Calderwood | first=Dave | title=Europe moves to ban lead in avgas | website=FLYER | date=8 March 2022 | url=https://flyer.co.uk/europe-moves-to-ban-lead-in-avgas/ | access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref> The UAE started to switch to unleaded in the early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE switches to unleaded fuel |date=January 2003 |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/uae-switches-to-unleaded-fuel-1.343442 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412131951/https://gulfnews.com/uae/uae-switches-to-unleaded-fuel-1.343442 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>

Reduction in the average lead content of human blood may be a major cause for falling violent crime rates around the world<ref name="WashingtonPostCrime2">{{cite news |last=Matthews |first= Dylan |date=22 April 2013 |title=Lead abatement, alcohol taxes and 10 other ways to reduce the crime rate without annoying the NRA |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/04/22/lead-abatement-alcohol-taxes-and-10-other-ways-to-reduce-the-crime-rate-without-annoying-the-nra/ |url-status=live |access-date=23 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512052321/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/04/22/lead-abatement-alcohol-taxes-and-10-other-ways-to-reduce-the-crime-rate-without-annoying-the-nra/ |archive-date=12 May 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> including South Africa.<ref name="BusinessDayCrime2">{{cite web |last=Marrs |first= Dave |date=22 January 2013 |title=Ban on lead may yet give us respite from crime |url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2013/01/22/ban-on-lead-may-yet-give-us-respite-from-crime |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406072130/http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2013/01/22/ban-on-lead-may-yet-give-us-respite-from-crime |archive-date=6 April 2013 |access-date=23 May 2013 |publisher=Business Day |df=dmy-all}}</ref> A study found a correlation between leaded gasoline usage and violent crime (see [[Lead–crime hypothesis]]).<ref name="Reyes2">{{Cite web |last=Reyes |first=J. W. |date=2007 |url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w13097/w13097.pdf |title=The Impact of Childhood Lead Exposure on Crime |work=National Bureau of Economic Research. "a" ref citing Pirkle, Brody, et al. (1994) |access-date=26 May 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117041241/https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w13097/w13097.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2007 |title=Ban on leaded petrol 'has cut crime rates around the world' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/ban-on-leaded-petrol-has-cut-crime-rates-around-the-world-398151.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829032830/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/ban-on-leaded-petrol-has-cut-crime-rates-around-the-world-398151.html |archive-date=29 August 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other studies found no correlation.

In August 2021, the [[United Nations Environment Programme|UN Environment Programme]] announced that leaded gasoline had been eradicated worldwide, with [[Algeria]] being the last country to deplete its reserves. [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] [[António Guterres]] called the eradication of leaded petrol an "international success story". He also added: "Ending the use of leaded petrol will prevent more than one million premature deaths each year from heart disease, strokes and cancer, and it will protect children whose IQs are damaged by exposure to lead". [[Greenpeace]] called the announcement "the end of one toxic era".<ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2021 |title=Highly polluting leaded petrol now eradicated from the world, says UN |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-58388810 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125025414/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-58388810 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=16 September 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> However, leaded gasoline continues to be used in aeronautic, auto racing, and off-road applications.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Miranda |first1=Leticia |last2=Farivar |first2=Cyrus |date=12 April 2021 |title=Leaded gas was phased out 25 years ago. Why are these planes still using toxic fuel? |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/leaded-gas-was-phased-out-25-years-ago-why-are-n1264970 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915233641/https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/leaded-gas-was-phased-out-25-years-ago-why-are-n1264970 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021 |work=NBC News}}</ref> The use of leaded additives is still permitted worldwide for the formulation of some grades of [[aviation gasoline]] such as [[100LL]], because the required octane rating is difficult to reach without the use of leaded additives.

Different additives have replaced lead compounds. The most popular additives include [[aromatic hydrocarbon]]s, [[ether]]s ([[MTBE]] and [[ETBE]]), and [[alcohols]], most commonly [[ethanol]].

====<span class="anchor" id="Lead Replacement Petrol"></span> Lead replacement petrol====
Lead replacement petrol (LRP) was developed for vehicles designed to run on leaded fuels and incompatible with unleaded fuels. Rather than tetraethyllead, it contains other metals such as [[potassium]] compounds or [[methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl]] (MMT); these are purported to buffer soft exhaust valves and seats so that they do not suffer recession due to the use of unleaded fuel.

LRP was marketed during and after the phaseout of leaded motor fuels in the United Kingdom, [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], and some other countries.{{vague|date=August 2016}} Consumer confusion led to a widespread mistaken preference for LRP rather than unleaded,<ref>{{cite news |last=Seggie |first=Eleanor |date=5 August 2011 |title=More than 20% of SA cars still using lead-replacement petrol but only 1% need it |work=[[Engineering News (Creamer Media)|Engineering News]] |location=South Africa |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/cleaner-fuels-for-sa-2011-08-05 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013195145/http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/cleaner-fuels-for-sa-2011-08-05 |archive-date=13 October 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and LRP was phased out 8 to 10 years after the introduction of unleaded.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Andrew |date=14 August 2002 |title=Petrol for older cars about to disappear |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/aug/15/oil.business |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229112618/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/aug/15/oil.business |archive-date=29 December 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Leaded gasoline was withdrawn from sale in Britain after 31 December 1999, seven years after [[European Economic Community|EEC]] regulations signaled the end of production for cars using leaded gasoline in member states. At this stage, a large percentage of cars from the 1980s and early 1990s which ran on leaded gasoline were still in use, along with cars that could run on unleaded fuel. However, the declining number of such cars on British roads saw many gasoline stations withdrawing LRP from sale by 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2002 |title=AA warns over lead replacement fuel |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/2717637/AA-warns-over-lead-replacement-fuel.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421115246/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/2717637/AA-warns-over-lead-replacement-fuel.html |archive-date=21 April 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====MMT====
[[Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl]] (MMT) is used in Canada and the U.S. to boost octane rating.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hollrah |first1=Don P. |last2=Burns |first2=Allen M. |date=11 March 1991 |title=MMT Increases Octane While Reducing Emissions |url=http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-89/issue-10/in-this-issue/refining/mmt-increases-octane-while-reducing-emissions.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117072536/http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-89/issue-10/in-this-issue/refining/mmt-increases-octane-while-reducing-emissions.html |archive-date=17 November 2016 |website=www.ogj.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its use in the U.S. has been restricted by regulations, although it is currently allowed.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 October 2015 |title=EPA Comments on the Gasoline Additive MMT |url=https://www.epa.gov/gasoline-standards/epa-comments-gasoline-additive-mmt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117070650/https://www.epa.gov/gasoline-standards/epa-comments-gasoline-additive-mmt |archive-date=17 November 2016 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its use in the European Union is restricted by Article 8a of the Fuel Quality Directive<ref>{{cite web |title=Directive 2009/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0088:0113:EN:PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922172330/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0088:0113:EN:PDF |archive-date=22 September 2016 |access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref> following its testing under the Protocol for the evaluation of effects of metallic fuel-additives on the emissions performance of vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protocol for the Evaluation of Effects of Metallic Fuel-Additives on the Emissions Performance of Vehicles |url=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/transport/fuel/docs/fuel_metallic_additive_protocol_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301173052/https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/transport/fuel/docs/fuel_metallic_additive_protocol_en.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref>

===Fuel stabilizers (antioxidants and metal deactivators)===
[[File:Antioxidant.png|thumb|Substituted [[phenol]]s and derivatives of [[phenylenediamine]] are common antioxidants used to inhibit gum formation in gasoline]]
Gummy, sticky resin deposits result from [[Oxidation|oxidative]] degradation of gasoline during long-term storage. These harmful deposits arise from the oxidation of [[alkene]]s and other minor components in gasoline{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} (see [[drying oil]]s). Improvements in refinery techniques have generally reduced the susceptibility of gasolines to these problems. Previously, catalytically or thermally cracked gasolines were most susceptible to oxidation. The formation of gums is accelerated by copper salts, which can be neutralized by additives called [[metal deactivator]]s.

This degradation can be prevented through the addition of 5–100 ppm of [[antioxidant]]s, such as [[phenylenediamine]]s and other [[amine]]s.<ref name="Ullmann2" /> Hydrocarbons with a [[bromine number]] of 10 or above can be protected with the combination of unhindered or partially hindered [[phenol]]s and oil-soluble strong amine bases, such as hindered phenols. "Stale" gasoline can be detected by a [[colorimetric]] [[enzymatic]] test for [[organic peroxide]]s produced by oxidation of the gasoline.<ref>{{patent|AU|2000/72399 A1|Gasoline test kit}}</ref><!---See http://www.patentlens.net/patentlens/structured.cgi?patnum=AU_2000/72399_A1#show if template link fails--->

Gasolines are also treated with [[metal deactivator]]s, which are compounds that sequester (deactivate) metal salts that otherwise accelerate the formation of gummy residues. The metal impurities might arise from the engine itself or as contaminants in the fuel.

===Detergents===
Gasoline, as delivered at the pump, also contains additives to reduce internal engine carbon buildups, improve [[combustion]] and allow easier starting in cold climates. High levels of detergent can be found in [[Top Tier Detergent Gasoline]]s. The specification for Top Tier Detergent Gasolines was developed by four automakers: [[General Motors|GM]], [[Honda]], [[Toyota]], and [[BMW]]. According to the bulletin, the minimal U.S. [[Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] requirement is not sufficient to keep engines clean.<ref>"Top Tier Detergent Gasoline (Deposits, Fuel Economy, No Start, Power, Performance, Stall Concerns)", GM Bulletin, 04-06-04-047, 06-Engine/Propulsion System, June 2004</ref> Typical detergents include [[Amine#Classification of amines|alkylamines]] and [[alkyl phosphate]]s at a level of 50–100 ppm.<ref name="Ullmann2" />

===Ethanol===
[[File:Corn vs Ethanol production.webp|thumb|300px|Corn vs Ethanol production in the United States
{{legend|#FFD932|Total corn production ([[bushel]]s) (left)}}
{{legend|B51700|Corn used for Ethanol fuel (bushels) (left)}}
{{legend-line|#313131 solid 3px|Percent of corn used for Ethanol (right)}}
]]
{{see also|Ethanol fuel|Common ethanol fuel mixtures}}

====European Union====
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}
In the EU, 5 percent [[ethanol]] can be added within the common gasoline spec (EN 228). Discussions are ongoing to allow 10 percent blending of ethanol (available in Finnish, French and German gasoline stations). In Finland, most gasoline stations sell 95E10, which is 10 percent ethanol, and 98E5, which is 5 percent ethanol. Most gasoline sold in Sweden has 5–15 percent ethanol added. Three different ethanol blends are sold in the Netherlands—E5, E10 and hE15. The last of these differs from standard ethanol–gasoline blends in that it consists of 15 percent [[hydrous ethanol]] (i.e., the ethanol–water [[azeotrope]]) instead of the anhydrous ethanol traditionally used for blending with gasoline.

From 2009 to 2022, renewable percentage in gasoline slowly increased from 5% to 10%, even though EU-produced ethanol can achieve a climate-neutral production capability and most EU cars can use E10. E10 availability is low even in larger countries like Germany (26%) and France (58%). 8 countries in the EU have not adopted E10 as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethanol in gasoline: an immediate solution for renewables in road transport, the potential of E10 deployment in the EU – Summary of webinar by ETIP Bioenergy Working Group 3 – ETIP Bioenergy |url=https://www.etipbioenergy.eu/news/ethanol-in-gasoline-an-immediate-solution-for-renewables-in-road-transport-the-potential-of-e10-deployment-in-the-eu-summary-of-webinar-by-etip-bioenergy-working-group-3/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Brazil====
The [[Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels]] (ANP) requires gasoline for automobile use to have 27.5 percent of ethanol added to its composition.<ref>{{cite web |title=MEDIDA PROVISÓRIA nº 532, de 2011 |url=http://www.senado.gov.br/atividade/materia/detalhes.asp?p_cod_mate=100053 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919030421/http://www.senado.gov.br/atividade/materia/detalhes.asp?p_cod_mate=100053 |archive-date=19 September 2011 |work=senado.gov.br |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Pure hydrated ethanol is also available as a fuel.

====Australia====
{{See also|Biofuel in Australia}}
Australia uses both [[Common ethanol fuel mixtures|E10]] (up to 10% ethanol) and E85 (up to 85% ethanol) in its gasoline. [[New South Wales]] mandated biofuel in its Biofuels Act 2007, and [[Queensland]] had a biofuel mandate since 2017. Fuel pumps must be clearly labeled with its ethanol/biodiesel content.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Commission |first=Australian Competition and Consumer |date=2023-02-20 |title=Ethanol and other biofuels |url=https://www.accc.gov.au/consumers/petrol-and-fuel/ethanol-and-other-biofuels |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.accc.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>

==== U.S. ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}
The federal [[Renewable Fuel Standard]] (RFS) effectively requires refiners and blenders to blend renewable [[biofuel]]s (mostly ethanol) with gasoline, sufficient to meet a growing annual target of total gallons blended. Although the mandate does not require a specific percentage of ethanol, annual increases in the target combined with declining [[gasoline consumption]] have caused the typical ethanol content in gasoline to approach 10 percent. Most fuel pumps display a sticker that states that the fuel may contain up to 10 percent ethanol, an intentional disparity that reflects the varying actual percentage. In parts of the U.S., ethanol is sometimes added to gasoline without an indication that it is a component.

====India====
In October 2007, the [[Government of India]] decided to make five percent ethanol blending (with gasoline) mandatory. Currently, 10 percent ethanol blended product (E10) is being sold in various parts of the country.<ref name="Government to take a call on ethanol price soon2">{{cite news |date=21 November 2011 |title=Government to take a call on ethanol price soon |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2647940.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505123807/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2647940.ece |archive-date=5 May 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="India to raise ethanol blending in gasoline to 10%2">{{cite news |date=22 November 2011 |title=India to raise ethanol blending in gasoline to 10% |url=http://www.commodityonline.com/news/india-to-raise-ethanol-blending-in-gasoline-to-10-43892-3-43893.html |url-status=dead |access-date=25 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407231713/http://www.commodityonline.com/news/india-to-raise-ethanol-blending-in-gasoline-to-10-43892-3-43893.html |archive-date=7 April 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ethanol has been found in at least one study to damage catalytic converters.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Biogas Association |url=http://european-biogas.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/022013_Fuel-impact-on-the-aging-of-TWC%E2%80%99s-under-real-driving-conditions_Winkler-et-al.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324165803/http://european-biogas.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/022013_Fuel-impact-on-the-aging-of-TWC%E2%80%99s-under-real-driving-conditions_Winkler-et-al.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2016 |access-date=2016-03-16 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Dyes===
{{Main|Fuel dyes}}

Though gasoline is a naturally colorless liquid, many gasolines are dyed in various colors to indicate their composition and acceptable uses. In Australia, the lowest grade of gasoline (RON 91) was dyed a light shade of red/orange, but is now the same color as the medium grade (RON 95) and high octane (RON 98), which are dyed yellow.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Australian Unleaded Petrol Is Changing To Red/Orange |url=http://www.aip.com.au/topics/mr_pdf/AIP_media_release_280912.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409211243/http://www.aip.com.au/topics/mr_pdf/AIP_media_release_280912.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2013 |access-date=2012-11-22 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the U.S., aviation gasoline ([[avgas]]) is dyed to identify its octane rating and to distinguish it from kerosene-based jet fuel, which is left colorless.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2008 |title=EAA – Avgas Grades |url=http://www.eaa.org/autofuel/avgas/grades.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517022056/http://www.eaa.org/autofuel/avgas/grades.asp |archive-date=17 May 2008 |access-date=6 October 2012 }}</ref> In Canada, the gasoline for marine and farm use is dyed red and is not subject to fuel excise tax in most provinces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fuel Taxes & Road Expenditures: Making the Link |url=https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/management/ti/media/docs/Fuel_Taxes_Road_Expenditures_1999.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410200621/http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/management/ti/media/docs/Fuel_Taxes_Road_Expenditures_1999.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2014 |access-date=26 September 2017 |page=2 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Oxygenate blending===
[[Oxygenate]] blending adds [[oxygen]]-bearing compounds such as [[methanol]], [[Methyl tert-butyl ether|MTBE]], [[Ethyl tert-butyl ether|ETBE]], [[Tert-Amyl methyl ether|TAME]], [[Tert-Amyl ethyl ether|TAEE]], [[ethanol]], and [[biobutanol]]. The presence of these oxygenates reduces the amount of [[carbon monoxide]] and unburned fuel in the exhaust. In many areas throughout the U.S., oxygenate blending is mandated by EPA regulations to reduce smog and other airborne pollutants. For example, in Southern California fuel must contain two percent oxygen by weight, resulting in a mixture of 5.6 percent ethanol in gasoline. The resulting fuel is often known as reformulated gasoline (RFG) or oxygenated gasoline, or, in the case of California, California reformulated gasoline (CARBOB). The federal requirement that RFG contain oxygen was dropped on 6 May 2006 because the industry had developed [[Volatile organic compound|VOC]]-controlled RFG that did not need additional oxygen.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2006 |title=Removal of Reformulated Gasoline Oxygen Content Requirement (national) and Revision of Commingling Prohibition to Address Non-0xygenated Reformulated Gasoline (national) |url=http://www.epa.gov/otaq/rfg_regs.htm#usage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050920073346/http://www.epa.gov/otaq/rfg_regs.htm#usage |archive-date=20 September 2005 |publisher=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

MTBE was phased out in the U.S. due to groundwater contamination and the resulting regulations and lawsuits. Ethanol and, to a lesser extent, ethanol-derived ETBE are common substitutes. A common ethanol-gasoline mix of 10 percent ethanol mixed with gasoline is called [[Ethanol fuel|gasohol]] or E10, and an ethanol-gasoline mix of 85 percent ethanol mixed with gasoline is called [[E85]]. The most extensive use of ethanol takes place in [[Brazil]], where the ethanol is derived from [[sugarcane]]. In 2004, over {{convert|3.4|e9U.S.gal|e9l|sp=us|order=flip}} of ethanol was produced in the U.S. for fuel use, mostly from [[Maize|corn]] and sold as E10. E85 is slowly becoming available in much of the U.S., though many of the relatively few stations vending E85 are not open to the general public.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alternative Fueling Station Locator |url=http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/stations_locator.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714060953/http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/stations_locator.html |archive-date=14 July 2008 |access-date=14 July 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Energy]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The use of [[bioethanol]] and bio-methanol, either directly or indirectly by conversion of ethanol to bio-ETBE, or methanol to bio-MTBE is encouraged by the European Union [[Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport]]. Since producing bioethanol from fermented sugars and starches involves [[distillation]], though, ordinary people in much of Europe cannot legally ferment and distill their own bioethanol at present (unlike in the U.S., where getting a [[BATF]] distillation permit has been easy since the [[1973 oil crisis]]).