Editing Gamma-ray burst (section)

=== Long gamma-ray bursts===
{{main category|Long-duration gamma-ray bursts}}
[[File:Xrt image crop.jpg|thumb|Swift captured the afterglow of [[GRB 221009A]] about an hour after it was first detected reaching Earth on October 9, 2022. The bright rings form as a result of X-rays scattered from otherwise unobservable dust layers within our galaxy that lie in the direction of the burst.]]Most observed events (70%) have a duration of greater than two seconds and are classified as long gamma-ray bursts. Because these events constitute the majority of the population and because they tend to have the brightest afterglows, they have been observed in much greater detail than their short counterparts. Almost every well-studied long gamma-ray burst has been linked to a galaxy with rapid star formation, and in many cases to a [[core-collapse supernova]] as well, unambiguously associating long GRBs with the deaths of massive stars.<ref name="Woosley06">[[#Woosley06|Woosley & Bloom 2006]]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hjorth |first1=Jens |last2=Sollerman |first2=Jesper |last3=Møller |first3=Palle |last4=Fynbo |first4=Johan P. U. |last5=Woosley |first5=Stan E. |last6=Kouveliotou |first6=Chryssa |last7=Tanvir |first7=Nial R. |last8=Greiner |first8=Jochen |last9=Andersen |first9=Michael I. |last10=Castro-Tirado |first10=Alberto J. |last11=Castro Cerón |first11=José María |last12=Fruchter |first12=Andrew S. |last13=Gorosabel |first13=Javier |last14=Jakobsson |first14=Páll |last15=Kaper |first15=Lex |date=2003-06-19 |title=A very energetic supernova associated with the γ-ray burst of 29 March 2003 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01750 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=423 |issue=6942 |pages=847–850 |doi=10.1038/nature01750 |pmid=12815425 |issn=0028-0836|arxiv=astro-ph/0306347 |bibcode=2003Natur.423..847H }}</ref> Long GRB afterglow observations, at high redshift, are also consistent with the GRB having originated in star-forming regions.<ref name="Pontzen">[[#Pontzen|Pontzen et al. 2010]]</ref>

In December 2022, astronomers reported the observation of GRB&nbsp;211211A for 51 seconds, the first evidence of a long GRB likely associated with mergers of "compact binary objects" such as [[neutron star merger|neutron stars]] or [[white dwarf]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rastinejad |first1=Jillian C. |last2=Gompertz |first2=Benjamin P. |last3=Levan |first3=Andrew J. |last4=Fong |first4=Wen-fai |last5=Nicholl |first5=Matt |last6=Lamb |first6=Gavin P. |last7=Malesani |first7=Daniele B. |last8=Nugent |first8=Anya E. |last9=Oates |first9=Samantha R. |last10=Tanvir |first10=Nial R. |last11=de Ugarte Postigo |first11=Antonio |last12=Kilpatrick |first12=Charles D. |last13=Moore |first13=Christopher J. |last14=Metzger |first14=Brian D. |last15=Ravasio |first15=Maria Edvige |date=2022-12-08 |title=A kilonova following a long-duration gamma-ray burst at 350 Mpc |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05390-w |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=612 |issue=7939 |pages=223–227 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05390-w |pmid=36477128 |issn=0028-0836|arxiv=2204.10864 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..223R }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Troja |first1=E. |last2=Fryer |first2=C. L. |last3=O’Connor |first3=B. |last4=Ryan |first4=G. |last5=Dichiara |first5=S. |last6=Kumar |first6=A. |last7=Ito |first7=N. |last8=Gupta |first8=R. |last9=Wollaeger |first9=R. T. |last10=Norris |first10=J. P. |last11=Kawai |first11=N. |last12=Butler |first12=N. R. |last13=Aryan |first13=A. |last14=Misra |first14=K. |last15=Hosokawa |first15=R. |date=2022-12-08 |title=A nearby long gamma-ray burst from a merger of compact objects |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=612 |issue=7939 |pages=228–231 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05327-3 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=9729102 |pmid=36477127|arxiv=2209.03363 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..228T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Kilonova Discovery Challenges our Understanding of Gamma-Ray Bursts |url=https://www.gemini.edu/pr/kilonova-discovery-challenges-our-understanding-gamma-ray-bursts |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=Gemini Observatory |language=en}}</ref> Following this, GRB&nbsp;191019A (2019, 64s)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Levan |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Malesani |first2=Daniele B. |last3=Gompertz |first3=Benjamin P. |last4=Nugent |first4=Anya E. |last5=Nicholl |first5=Matt |last6=Oates |first6=Samantha R. |last7=Perley |first7=Daniel A. |last8=Rastinejad |first8=Jillian |last9=Metzger |first9=Brian D. |last10=Schulze |first10=Steve |last11=Stanway |first11=Elizabeth R. |last12=Inkenhaag |first12=Anne |last13=Zafar |first13=Tayyaba |last14=Agüí Fernández |first14=J. Feliciano |last15=Chrimes |first15=Ashley A. |date=2023-06-22 |title=A long-duration gamma-ray burst of dynamical origin from the nucleus of an ancient galaxy |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-023-01998-8 |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=976–985 |doi=10.1038/s41550-023-01998-8 |issn=2397-3366|arxiv=2303.12912 |bibcode=2023NatAs...7..976L }}</ref> and [[GRB 230307A]] (2023, 35s)<ref>{{cite web |title=GCN - Circulars - 33410: Solar Orbiter STIX observation of GRB 230307A |url=https://gcn.nasa.gov/circulars/33410}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GCN - Circulars - 33412: GRB 230307A: AGILE/MCAL detection |url=https://gcn.nasa.gov/circulars/33412}}</ref> have been argued to signify an emerging class of long GRB which may originate from these types of progenitor events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wodd |first=Charlie |date=11 December 2023 |title=Extra-Long Blasts Challenge Our Theories of Cosmic Cataclysms |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/extra-long-blasts-challenge-our-theories-of-cosmic-cataclysms-20231211/ |website=[[Quanta magazine]]}}</ref>