Editing Gadsden Purchase (section)

=== Native American raids ===
[[File:James Buchanan.jpg|thumb|[[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[James Buchanan]] (1791–1868), who later became 15th [[President of the United States]] (1857–1861)]]

Article XI of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo contained a guarantee that the United States would protect Mexicans by preventing cross-border raids by local [[Comanche]] and [[Apache]] tribes. At the time the treaty was ratified, Secretary of State [[James Buchanan]] had believed that the United States had both the commitment and resources to enforce this promise.<ref name="Kluger1">{{harvp|Kluger|2007|p= 492}}.</ref> Historian [[Richard Kluger]], however, described the difficulties of the task:

{{blockquote|Comanche, Apache, and other tribal warriors had been punishing Spanish, Mexican, and American intruders into their stark homeland for three centuries and been given no incentive to let up their murderous marauding and pillaging, horse stealing in particular. The [[United States Army|U. S. Army]] had posted nearly 8,000 of its total of 11,000 soldiers along the southwestern boundary, but they could not halt the 75,000 or so native nomads in the region from attacking swiftly and taking refuge among the hills, [[butte]]s, and [[Arroyo (watercourse)|arroyo]]s in a landscape where one's enemies could be spotted twenty or thirty miles away.<ref name="Kluger1" />}}

In the five years after approval of the Treaty, the United States spent $12 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{inflation|US-GDP|12000000|1859|r=-7}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP}}) in this area, and General-in-Chief [[Winfield Scott]] estimated that five times that amount would be necessary to police the border. Mexican officials, frustrated with the failure of the United States to effectively enforce its guarantee, demanded reparations for the losses inflicted on Mexican citizens by the raids. The United States argued that the Treaty did not require any compensation nor did it require any greater effort to protect Mexicans than was expended in protecting its own citizens. During the Fillmore administration, Mexico claimed damages of $40 million (equivalent to ${{Formatprice|{{inflation|US-GDP|40000000|1854|r=-8}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP}}) but offered to allow the U.S. to buy-out Article XI for $25 million (${{Formatprice|{{inflation|US-GDP|25000000|1854|r=-7}}}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP}}) while President Fillmore proposed a settlement that was $10 million less (${{Formatprice|{{inflation|US-GDP|10000000|1854|r=-7}}}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP}}).<ref name="Kluger1" />