Editing Full moon (section)

====Native American====
{{Redirect|Snow Moon|the song by Adonxs|Age of Adonxs {{!}} Age of Adonxs}}
Various 18th and 19th century writers gave what were claimed to be [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] moon names. These were not the names of the full moons as such, but were the names of lunar months beginning with each [[new moon]]. According to [[Jonathan Carver]] in 1778, "Some nations among them reckon their years by moons, and make them consist of twelve synodical or lunar months, observing, when thirty moons have waned, to add a supernumerary one, which they term the lost moon; and then begin to count as before." Carver gave the names of the lunar months (starting from the first after the [[March equinox]]) as Worm, Plants, Flowers, Hot, Buck, Sturgeon, Corn, Travelling, Beaver, Hunting, Cold, Snow.<ref>{{cite book |last=Carver |first=Jonathan | date=1778 |title= Travels through the interior parts of North-America in the years 1766, 1767, and 1768 |url= https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughin00incarv/page/250/mode/2up |location= London| page=250 }}</ref> Carver's account was reproduced verbatim in ''Events in Indian History'' (1841),<ref>{{cite book |last=Wimer |first= James |date=1841 |title=Events in Indian History |url= https://archive.org/details/eventsinindianh00jamegoog/page/550/mode/2up |location=Lancaster |publisher= G. Hills and Co.|page=551 }}</ref> but completely different lists were given by Eugene Vetromile (1856)<ref>{{cite book |last=Vetromile |first=Eugene |date=1856 |title=Indian Good Book |url= https://archive.org/details/indiangoodboo00vetr/page/440/mode/2up |location=New York |publisher=Edward Dunigan and Brother |page=440}}</ref> and [[Peter Jones (missionary)|Peter Jones]] (1861).<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Peter |date=1861 |title= History of the Ojebway Indians |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofojebway00jone/page/136/mode/2up |location= London|publisher=A.W. Bennett |page=136}}</ref>

In a book on Native American culture published in 1882, [[Richard Irving Dodge]] stated:<ref>{{cite book |last=Dodge |first=R.I. |date=1882 |title=Our Wild Indians |url=https://archive.org/details/indiansourwildth00dodgrich/page/396/mode/2up |location=Hartford, Conn. |publisher=A.D. Worthington and Company |page=397}}</ref>

<blockquote>There is a difference among authorities as to whether or not the moons themselves are named. Brown gives names for nine moons corresponding to months. Maximillian gives the names of twelve moons; and Belden, who lived many years among the Sioux, asserts that "the Indians compute their time very much as white men do, only they use moons instead of months to designate the seasons, each answering to some month in our calendar." Then follows a list of twelve moons with Indian and English names. While I cannot contradict so positive and minute a statement of one so thoroughly in a position to know, I must assert with equal positiveness that I have never met any wild Indians, of the Sioux or other Plains tribes, who had a permanent, common, conventional name for any moon. The looseness of Belden's general statement, that "Indians compute time like white people," when his only particularization of similarity is between the months and moons, is in itself sufficient to render the whole statement questionable.

My experience is that the Indian, in attempting to fix on a particular moon, will designate it by some natural and well-known phenomenon which culminates during that moon. But two Indians of the same tribe may fix on different designations; and even the same Indian, on different occasions, may give different names to the same moon. Thus, an Indian of the middle Plains will to-day designate a spring moon as "the moon when corn is planted;" to-morrow, speaking of the same moon, he may call it "the moon when the buffalo comes." Moreover, though there are thirteen moons in our year, no observer has ever given an Indian name to the thirteenth. My opinion is, that if any of the wild tribes have given conventional names to twelve moons, it is not an indigenous idea, but borrowed from the whites.</blockquote>

Jonathan Carver's list of purportedly Native American month names was adopted in the 19th century by the [[Improved Order of Red Men]], an all-white U.S. fraternal organization. They called the month of January "Cold moon", the rest being Snow, Worm, Plant, Flower, Hot, Buck, Sturgeon, Corn, Travelling, Beaver and Hunting moon. They numbered years from the time of [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus's]] arrival in America.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lindsay |first=George |date=1893 |title=Official History of the Improved Order of Red Men |url=https://archive.org/details/officialhistoryo00lindiala |location=Boston |publisher=The Fraternity Publishing Company |page=251}}</ref>

In ''The American Boy's Book of Signs, Signals and Symbols'' (1918), [[Daniel Carter Beard]] wrote: "The Indians' Moons naturally vary in the different parts of the country, but by comparing them all and striking an average as near as may be, the moons are reduced to the following."<ref>{{cite book |last=Beard |first=Daniel Carter |date=1918 |title= The American boys' book of signs, signals and symbols |url= https://archive.org/details/americanboysbook00bear5/page/78/mode/2up |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Lippincott  |page=79 }}</ref> He then gave a list that had two names for each lunar month, again quite different from earlier lists that had been published.

The 1937 ''Maine Farmers' Almanac'' published a list of full moon names that it said "were named by our early English ancestors as follows":<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.projectpluto.com/bluemoon.htm | title=Rules for determining Blue Moons }}</ref>

{{Poem quote|Winter Moons: Moon after Yule, Wolf Moon, Lenten Moon
Spring Moons: Egg Moon, Milk Moon, Flower Moon
Summer Moons: Hay Moon, Grain Moon, Fruit Moon
Fall Moons: Harvest Moon, Hunter's Moon, Moon before Yule}}

It also mentioned [[blue moon]]. These were considered in some quarters to be Native American full moon names, and some were adopted by [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial Americans]].<ref name=telegraph-20201104>{{cite news |title=Full moon dates for 2020, including November's Beaver Moon |date=4 November 2020 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/0/full-moon-dates-when-uk-2020-november-beaver/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105014448/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/0/full-moon-dates-when-uk-2020-november-beaver/ |archive-date=5 November 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> The ''[[Farmers' Almanac]]'' (since 1955 published in Maine, but not the same publication as the ''Maine Farmers' Almanac'') continues to print such names.<ref>{{cite web
 |url          = https://www.farmersalmanac.com/full-moon-dates-and-times
 |title        = Full Moon Names and Their Meanings
 |work         = [[Farmers' Almanac]]
 |url-status   = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071005085525/http://www.farmersalmanac.com/full-moon-names
 |archive-date = 5 October 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |title      = Full Moons: What's in a Name?
 |work      = [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]
 |url      = http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/solar-system/full-moon-article/
 |access-date      = 12 January 2012
 |archive-date      = 20 January 2012
 |archive-url      = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120105528/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/solar-system/full-moon-article/
 |url-status      = dead
 }}</ref>

Such names have gained currency in [[American folklore]]. They appeared in print more widely outside of the almanac tradition from the 1990s in popular publications about the Moon.
''Mysteries of the Moon'' by Patricia Haddock ("Great Mysteries Series", Greenhaven Press, 1992) gave an extensive list of such names along with the individual tribal groups they were supposedly associated with.<ref>repeated in ''The Moon Book'' by Kim Long (1998:[https://books.google.com/books?id=e6-ddrk3nxsC&pg=PA102 102ff.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409161852/https://books.google.com/books?id=e6-ddrk3nxsC&pg=PA102 |date=2023-04-09 }}) Also in ''Llewellyn's 1996 Moon Sign Book'' (1995)</ref> Haddock supposes that certain "Colonial American" moon names were adopted from [[Algonquian languages]] (which were formerly spoken in the territory of New England), while others are based in European tradition (e.g. the Colonial American names for the May moon, "Milk Moon", "Mother's Moon", "Hare Moon" have no parallels in the supposed native names, while the name of November, "Beaver Moon" is supposedly based in an Algonquian language). Many other names have been reported.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://americanindian.net/moons.html | title=Indian Moons, Days & Other Calendar Stuff }}</ref>

These have passed into modern mythology, either as full-moon names, or as names for lunar months. Deanna J. Conway's ''Moon Magick: Myth & Magick, Crafts & Recipes, Rituals & Spells'' (1995) gave as headline names for the lunar months (from January): Wolf, Ice, Storm, Growing, Hare, Mead, Hay, Corn, Harvest, Blood, Snow, Cold.<ref name="magick">{{cite book |last=Conway |first=D.J.|date=1995 |title=Moon Magick |url=https://archive.org/details/moonmagickmythma0000conw |location=St Paul, Minn.|publisher=Llewellyn Publications|isbn=978-1-56718-167-8 }}</ref> Conway also gave multiple alternative names for each month, e.g. the first lunar month after the [[winter solstice]] could be called the Wolf, Quiet, Snow, Cold, Chaste or Disting Moon, or the Moon of Little Winter.{{r|"magick"|page=19}} For the last lunar month Conway offered the names Cold, Oak or Wolf Moon, or Moon of Long Nights, Long Night's Moon, Aerra Geola (Month Before Yule), Wintermonat (Winter Month), Heilagmanoth (Holy Month), Big Winter Moon, Moon of Popping Trees.{{r|"magick"|page=247}} Conway did not cite specific sources for most of the names she listed, but some have gained wider currency as full-moon names, such as Pink Moon for a full moon in April, {{r|"magick"|page=77}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/pink.html | title=Pink Moon | date=13 January 2025 }}</ref> Long Night's Moon for the last in December<ref>{{cite news |last=Dance |first=Scott |date=23 December 2015 |title=''Long Night's Moon'' comes on Christmas for first time since 1977 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/weather/weather-blog/bal-wx-long-nights-moon-comes-on-christmas-for-first-time-since-1977-20151222-story.html |access-date=23 December 2015 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704111741/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/weather/weather-blog/bal-wx-long-nights-moon-comes-on-christmas-for-first-time-since-1977-20151222-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Ice Moon for the first full moon of January or February.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wolf Moon is the full moon in January |website=timeanddate.com |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/wolf.html |access-date=2018-01-26 |archive-date=2018-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202135615/https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/wolf.html |url-status=live }}</ref>