Editing Forestry (section)

== Forestry education ==
===History of forestry education===
{{See also|List of historic schools of forestry}}
The first dedicated forestry school was established by [[Georg Ludwig Hartig]] at [[Hungen]] in the [[Wetterau]], [[Hesse]], in 1787, though forestry had been taught earlier in central Europe, including at the [[University of Giessen]], in [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt|Hesse-Darmstadt]].

In Spain, the first forestry school was the Forest Engineering School of Madrid ([[Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes]]), founded in 1844.

The first in North America, the [[Biltmore Forest School]] was established near [[Asheville]], North Carolina, by [[Carl A. Schenck]] on September 1, 1898, on the grounds of [[George Washington Vanderbilt II|George W. Vanderbilt's]] [[Biltmore Estate]]. Another early school was the [[History of the New York State College of Forestry|New York State College of Forestry]], established at [[Cornell University]] just a few weeks later, in September 1898.

Early 19th century North American foresters went to Germany to study forestry. Some early German foresters also emigrated to North America.

In [[South America]] the first forestry school was established in Brazil, in [[Viçosa, Minas Gerais|Viçosa]], [[Minas Gerais]], in 1962, and moved the next year to become a faculty at the [[Federal University of Paraná]], in Curitiba.<ref>{{Cite journal| title =News of the world| journal =Unasylva| volume =23| issue =3| publisher =[[FAO]]| year =1969| url =http://www.fao.org/docrep/93269e/93269e0a.htm| access-date =2010-10-12| url-status =live| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100427044013/http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/93269E/93269e0a.htm| archive-date =2010-04-27}}</ref>

===Forestry education today===
{{See also|List of forestry universities and colleges|List of forestry technical schools}}
[[File:Burn9582.JPG|thumb|[[Prescribed burning]] is used by foresters to reduce fuel loads.]]

Today, forestry education typically includes training in general [[biology]], [[ecology]], [[botany]], [[genetics]], [[soil science]], [[climatology]], [[hydrology]], [[economics]] and [[forest management]]. Education in the basics of [[sociology]] and [[political science]] is often considered an advantage. Professional skills in conflict resolution and communication are also important in training programs.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sample|first1=V. A.|last2=Bixler|first2=R. P.|last3=McDonough|first3=M. H.|last4=Bullard|first4=S. H.|last5=Snieckus|first5=M. M.|title=The Promise and Performance of Forestry Education in the United States: Results of a Survey of Forestry Employers, Graduates, and Educators|journal=Journal of Forestry|date=July 16, 2015|volume=113|issue=6|pages=528–537|doi=10.5849/jof.14-122|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In India, forestry education is imparted in the [[List of agricultural universities and colleges#India|agricultural universities]] and in Forest Research Institutes (deemed universities). Four year degree programmes are conducted in these universities at the undergraduate level. Masters and Doctorate degrees are also available in these universities.

In the United States, [[Higher education|postsecondary]] forestry education leading to a [[Bachelor's degree]] or [[Master's degree]] is accredited by the [[Society of American Foresters]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=SAF Accredited and Candidate Forestry Degree Programs |publisher=Society of American Foresters |date=2008-05-19 |url=http://www.safnet.org/education/forestry_degree_programs.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226052726/http://www.safnet.org/education/forestry_degree_programs.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-26 |quote=The Society of American Foresters grants accreditation only to specific educational curricula that lead to a first professional degree in forestry at the bachelor's or master's level. |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In Canada the Canadian Institute of Forestry awards silver rings to graduates from accredited university BSc programs,  as well as college and technical programs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cif-ifc.org/site/silver_ring_program |title=Canadian Institute of Forestry - Silver Ring Program |publisher=Cif-ifc.org |access-date=2014-03-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201070610/http://cif-ifc.org/site/silver_ring_program |archive-date=2014-02-01 }}</ref>

In many European countries, training in forestry is made in accordance with requirements of the [[Bologna Process]] and the [[European Higher Education Area]].

The [[International Union of Forest Research Organizations]] is the only international organization that coordinates forest science efforts worldwide.<ref>{{cite web | title = Discover IUFRO:The Organization | publisher = IUFRO | url = http://www.iufro.org/discover/organization/ | access-date = 2010-10-12 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100708002740/http://www.iufro.org/discover/organization/ | archive-date = 2010-07-08 }}</ref>

===Continuing education===
In order to keep up with changing demands and environmental factors, forestry education does not stop at graduation. Increasingly, forestry professionals engage in regular training to maintain and improve on their management practices. An increasingly popular tool are [[marteloscopes]]; one hectare large, rectangular forest sites where all trees are numbered, mapped and recorded.

These sites can be used to do virtual [[thinning]]s and test one's wood quality and volume estimations as well as tree [http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html microhabitats]. This system is mainly suitable to regions with small-scale multi-functional forest management systems