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==== Calligraphy ==== {{Main|Calligraphy}} Calligraphy is a type of visual art. A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner".<ref name="Mediavilla">{{cite book |author=Mediavilla, C. |year=1996 |title=Calligraphy |publisher=Scirpus Publications}}</ref> Modern calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the abstract expression of the handwritten mark may or may not compromise the legibility of the letters.<ref name="Mediavilla" /> Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pott, G. |year=2006 |title=Kalligrafie: Intensiv Training |publisher=Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Pott, G. |year=2005 |title=Kalligrafie:Erste Hilfe und Schrift-Training mit Muster-Alphabeten |publisher=Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=*[[Hermann Zapf|Zapf, H.]] |year=2007 |title=Alphabet Stories: A Chronicle of Technical Developments |publisher=Cary Graphic Arts Press |location=Rochester}}</ref> <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px"> LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg|Folio 27r from the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]]; 8th century; [[Cotton Library]] ([[British Library]], London) Mi Fu-On Calligraphy.jpg|''On Calligraphy'' by [[Mi Fu]], [[Song dynasty]] China Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|[[Islamic calligraphy]]: Folio from a [[Koran]] (8β9th century), [[Abbasid]] [[Kufic]] Calligraphy Malnazar - Decorated Incipit Page - Google Art Project.jpg|Page of an [[Armenia]]n [[illuminated manuscript]]; 1637β1638; [[Getty Center]] (Los Angeles, USA) </gallery>
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