Editing Filling station (section)

==Negative impacts==
===Human health===
Gasoline contains a mixture of [[BTX (chemistry)|BTEX]] hydrocarbons ([[benzene]], [[toluene]], [[ethylbenzene]], [[xylenes]]). Prolonged exposure to toluene can cause permanent damage to the [[central nervous system]], and chlorinated solvents can cause liver and kidney problems.<ref name="Adipah 2019 pp. 1–9">{{cite journal | last=Adipah | first=Sylvia | title=Introduction of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contaminants and its Human Effects | journal=Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health | publisher=Fortune Journals | volume=3 | issue=1 | date=2019-01-07 | pages=1–9 | url=https://www.fortuneonline.org/articles/introduction-of-petroleum-hydrocarbons-contaminants-and-its-human-effects.html | access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref> Benzene in particular causes [[leukemia]] and is associated with [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]] and [[multiple myeloma]].<ref name="Hsieh Shearston Hilpert 2021 pp. 273–283">{{cite journal | last1=Hsieh | first1=Pei Yang | last2=Shearston | first2=Jenni A. | last3=Hilpert | first3=Markus | title=Benzene emissions from gas station clusters: a new framework for estimating lifetime cancer risk | journal=Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=19 | issue=1 | date=2021-01-07 | issn=2052-336X | doi=10.1007/s40201-020-00601-w | pages=273–283| pmid=34150235 | pmc=8172828 | bibcode=2021JEHSE..19..273H }}</ref> People who work in filling stations, live near them, or attend school close to them are exposed to fumes and are at increased lifetime risk of cancer, with risk increased if there are multiple stations nearby.<ref name="Hsieh Shearston Hilpert 2021 pp. 273–283"/> There is some evidence that living near a filling station is a risk for [[childhood leukemia]].<ref name="Steinmaus Smith 2016 pp. 5–7">{{cite journal | last1=Steinmaus | first1=Craig | last2=Smith | first2=Martyn T. | title=Steinmaus and Smith Respond to "Proximity to Gasoline Stations and Childhood Leukemia" | journal=American Journal of Epidemiology | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=185 | issue=1 | date=2016-12-06 | issn=0002-9262 | doi=10.1093/aje/kww133 | pages=5–7| doi-access=free | pmid=27923799 | pmc=6267941 }}</ref><ref name="Malavolti Malagoli Filippini Wise 2023 pp. 771–782">{{cite journal | last1=Malavolti | first1=Marcella | last2=Malagoli | first2=Carlotta | last3=Filippini | first3=Tommaso | last4=Wise | first4=Lauren A | last5=Bellelli | first5=Alessio | last6=Palazzi | first6=Giovanni | last7=Cellini | first7=Monica | last8=Costanzini | first8=Sofia | last9=Teggi | first9=Sergio | last10=Vinceti | first10=Marco | title=Residential proximity to petrol stations and risk of childhood leukemia | journal=European Journal of Epidemiology | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=38 | issue=7 | date=2023-05-30 | issn=0393-2990 | doi=10.1007/s10654-023-01009-0 | pages=771–782| doi-access=free | pmid=37249787 | pmc=10275799 | hdl=11380/1312586 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> In addition to long-term exposure, there are bursts of short-term exposures to benzene when [[tanker truck]]s deliver fuel.<ref name="Canada.ca 2023 c663">{{cite web | title=Benzene releases from gasoline stations — Implications for human health | publisher = Health Canada | date=2023-03-10 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/benzene-releases-gasoline-stations-implications-human-health.html | access-date=2023-09-27}}</ref> 
High levels of benzene have been detected near stations across urban, suburban, and rural environments, though the causes (such as road traffic or congestion) can vary by location.<ref name="Karakitsios Delis Kassomenos Pilidis 2007 pp. 1889–1902">{{cite journal | last1=Karakitsios | first1=Spyros P. | last2=Delis | first2=Vasileios K. | last3=Kassomenos | first3=Pavlos A. | last4=Pilidis | first4=Georgios A. | title=Contribution to ambient benzene concentrations in the vicinity of petrol stations: Estimation of the associated health risk | journal=Atmospheric Environment | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=41 | issue=9 | year=2007 | issn=1352-2310 | doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.052 | pages=1889–1902| bibcode=2007AtmEn..41.1889K }}</ref>

Gas station attendants have suffered adverse health consequences depending on the type of fuel used, exposure to vehicle exhaust, and types of [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) offered. Studies have noted higher levels of [[chromosomal deletion]]s<ref name="Santos-Mello Cavalcante 1992 pp. 285–290">{{cite journal | last1=Santos-Mello | first1=Renato | last2=Cavalcante | first2=Berenice | title=Cytogenetic studies on gas station attendants | journal=Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=280 | issue=4 | year=1992 | issn=0165-1218 | doi=10.1016/0165-1218(92)90059-9 | pages=285–290| pmid=1382230 }}</ref> and higher rates of [[miscarriage]],<ref name="Silvestre Delmonico Bravo Santiago 2017 pp. 730–734">{{cite journal | last1=Silvestre | first1=Rafaele T. | last2=Delmonico | first2=Lucas | last3=Bravo | first3=Maryah | last4=Santiago | first4=Fábio | last5=Scherrer | first5=Luciano R. | last6=Moreira | first6=Aline dos Santos | last7=Tabalipa | first7=Marianne | last8=Otero | first8=Ubirani | last9=Ornellas | first9=Maria Helena F. | last10=Alves | first10=Gilda | title=Health survey and assessment of the polymorphisms''BRCA1''/P871L,''BRCA1''/Q356R, and''BRCA2''/N372H in female gas station workers in Rio de Janeiro | journal=Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis | publisher=Wiley | volume=58 | issue=9 | date=2017-09-01 | issn=0893-6692 | doi=10.1002/em.22120 | pages=730–734| pmid=28862356 | bibcode=2017EnvMM..58..730S | s2cid=20739774 }}</ref> and workers have reported headaches, fatigue, throat irritation and depression.<ref name="Al-Harbi Alhajri AlAwadhi Whalen 2020 p. 117847">{{cite journal | last1=Al-Harbi | first1=Meshari | last2=Alhajri | first2=Ibrahim | last3=AlAwadhi | first3=AlAnood | last4=Whalen | first4=Joann K. | title=Health symptoms associated with occupational exposure of gasoline station workers to BTEX compounds | journal=Atmospheric Environment | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=241 | year=2020 | issn=1352-2310 | doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117847 | page=117847| bibcode=2020AtmEn.24117847A | s2cid=224870129 }}</ref> Exposure to exhaust and fumes has been associated with eye irritation, nausea, dizziness, and cough.<ref name="Johnson Umoren 2018 pp. 47–57">{{cite journal | last1=Johnson | first1=O.E. | last2=Umoren | first2=Q.M. | title=Assessment of occupational hazards, health problems and safety practices of petrol station attendants in Uyo, Nigeria | journal=Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care | volume=30 | issue=1 | date=2018-03-22 | issn=1115-4608 | pages=47–57 | url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jcmphc/article/view/168634 | access-date=2023-09-29}}</ref>

===Environment===
Gasoline can leak into the surrounding soil and water, posing many health risks.<ref name="Hilpert Mora Ni Rule 2015 pp. 412–422">{{cite journal | last1=Hilpert | first1=Markus | last2=Mora | first2=Bernat Adria | last3=Ni | first3=Jian | last4=Rule | first4=Ana M. | last5=Nachman | first5=Keeve E. | title=Hydrocarbon Release During Fuel Storage and Transfer at Gas Stations: Environmental and Health Effects | journal=Current Environmental Health Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=2 | issue=4 | date=2015-10-05 | issn=2196-5412 | doi=10.1007/s40572-015-0074-8 | pages=412–422| doi-access=free | pmid=26435043 | bibcode=2015CEHR....2..412H }}</ref> Areas formerly occupied by filling stations are often contaminated, resulting in [[brownfield]]s and [[urban blight]]. Underground storage tanks (USTs) were typically made of steel and were common in the United States, but were prone to corrosion. They began to receive national attention in 1983 after an episode of ''[[60 Minutes]]'' documented significant drinking water contamination from a [[Mobil]] gas station in the Canob Park neighborhood  of [[Richmond, Rhode Island]]. It had been determined that the station's underground tanks had been leaking gasoline into the local water system since the station opened in 1968.<ref name="Detz 2015 g977">{{cite web | last=Detz | first=Joanna | title=Rural Rhode Island Town at Epicenter of Leaking Fuel Tank Story | website=ecoRI News | date=2015-05-20 | url=https://ecori.org/2015-5-20-rural-ri-town-at-epicenter-of-leaking-fuel-tank-story/ | access-date=2023-10-13}}</ref> This led to regulations banning these types of tanks in 1985.<ref name="epa14-05">{{cite report | url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/280921/files/NCEE2014-05.pdf | title=Prevention, cleanup, and reuse benefits from the federal UST program | last1=Jenkins | first1=Robin R. | last2=Guignet | first2=Dennis | last3=Walsh | first3=Patrick J. | institution=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | year=2014 | access-date=2023-10-13}}</ref> However, tanks at gas stations that ceased operation before 1986 are unlikely to have been recorded, and many old underground gasoline and oil storage tanks are thus unknowingly buried beneath redeveloped land, contributing to soil, groundwater, and indoor air pollution.<ref name="Yasenchak 2009 pp. 144–152">{{cite journal | last=Yasenchak | first=Leah Benedict | title=Research Article: What We Know About the Ubiquitous Brownfield: A Case Study of Two New Jersey Cities and Their Gas Stations | journal=Environmental Practice | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=11 | issue=3 | year=2009 | issn=1466-0466 | doi=10.1017/s1466046609990123 | pages=144–152| s2cid=129447620 }}</ref>

Because of the relatively small size of former stations (compared to larger brownfields), the cost-per-acre to rehabilitate the land is higher; the total cost in the United States is not known but is in the billions of dollars.<ref name="Yasenchak 2009 pp. 144–152"/> Individual cleanups may be complex, with some in Canada taking decades and costing millions of dollars both for the cleanup efforts and in legal fees to determine whether individuals, governments, or corporations are liable for costs.<ref name="Narwhal 2022 c263">{{cite web | last=Anderson | first=Drew | title=A Petro-Canada gas station polluted their land decades ago — they're still fighting to get it cleaned up | website=The Narwhal | date=2022-01-08 | url=https://thenarwhal.ca/airdrie-motel-alberta-oil-contamination/ | access-date=2023-09-27}}</ref>

===Economic costs===
The cost of potential cleanup of a former filling station can lower property values, discourage development of land, and depress neighbouring property values and potential tax revenue.<ref name="Yasenchak 2009 pp. 144–152"/> When areas are known to be contaminated by leaking underground storage tanks, the sale value of the land and neighbouring area drops.<ref name="Simons Levin Sementelli 1997 pp. 29–42">{{cite journal | last1=Simons | first1=Robert | last2=Levin | first2=William | last3=Sementelli | first3=Arthur | title=The Effect of Underground Storage Tanks on Residential Property Values in Cuyahoga County, Ohio | journal=Journal of Real Estate Research | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=1997-01-01 | issn=0896-5803 | doi=10.1080/10835547.1997.12090890 | pages=29–42}}</ref><ref name="simonsrobert">{{cite journal | last1 = Simons | first1 = Robert A. | last2 = Bowen | first2 = William M. | last3 = Sementelli | first3 = Arthur J. | title = The price and liquidity effects of UST leaks from gas stations on adjacent contaminated property | journal = The Appraisal Journal | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | year = 1999 | pages = 186}}</ref> An analysis of residential properties in [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio]] estimated the loss at about 17% when within {{convert|300|feet|metres}} or one block of a registered leaking tank.<ref name="Simons Levin Sementelli 1997 pp. 29–42"/> Active filling stations have similar negative effects on property values, with an analysis in [[Xuancheng]], China finding a loss of 16% within {{convert|100|metres|feet}} and 9% when between {{convert|301|metres|feet}} and {{convert|600|metres|feet}}.<ref name="Zhao Liu Chen 2017 pp. 66–85">{{cite journal | last1=Zhao | first1=Qinna | last2=Liu | first2=Mengling | last3=Chen | first3=Qi | title=The Impacts of Gasoline Stations on Residential Property Values: A Case Study in Xuancheng, China | journal=Journal of Sustainable Real Estate | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=9 | issue=1 | date=2017-11-01 | issn=1949-8276 | doi=10.1080/10835547.2017.12091901 | pages=66–85| doi-access=free }}</ref>