Editing Ferdinand Marcos (section)

==First term (1965–1969)==
{{Main|First term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos}}

Marcos was [[First inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos|inaugurated]] as the [[List of presidents of the Philippines|10th]] [[president of the Philippines]] on December 30, 1965.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10">{{Cite book|title=Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn.|publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited|year=1998|editor-last=Magno|editor-first=Alexander R.|location=Hong Kong|chapter=Democracy at the Crossroads}}</ref>

He launched an aggressive program of infrastructure development funded by foreign loans. He remained popular for most of his first term;<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" /> although his popularity got flagged after debt-driven spending which triggered an inflationary crisis in November and December 1969.<ref name="Balbosas1992" /><ref name="Cororaton1997" /> Major projects included the construction of the [[Cultural Center of the Philippines complex]], Which is considered one of the earliest examples of what became known as the Marcoses' [[edifice complex]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Villa |first=Kathleen de |date=September 16, 2017 |title=Imelda Marcos and her 'edifice complex' |url=https://business.inquirer.net/236962/imelda-marcos-edifice-complex |access-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111133920/https://business.inquirer.net/236962/imelda-marcos-edifice-complex |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lico2003">{{cite book |last=Lico |first=Gerard |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=pMGTCb1Ypk4C}} |title=Edifice Complex: Power, Myth And Marcos State Architecture |date=January 30, 2003 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila]] University Press}}</ref>

Marcos developed close relations with Philippine military officers<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10"/> and began expanding the armed forces by allowing loyal generals to stay in their positions past retirement age, or giving them government posts.<ref name="GovPh29thNinoyAnniv">{{Cite web |url=http://president.gov.ph/gov_at_work/phl-marks-29th-anniversary-of-aquinos-assassination-on-tuesday/ |title=PHL marks 29th anniversary of Aquino's assassination on Tuesday |date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=Office of the President of the Philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208022821/http://president.gov.ph/gov_at_work/phl-marks-29th-anniversary-of-aquinos-assassination-on-tuesday/ |archive-date=February 8, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He gained the support of the US [[Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson administration]] by allowing Philippine involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] via the Philippine Civic Action Group.<ref name="McMahon1999"/>

Marcos's first term saw the exposé of the [[Jabidah massacre]] in March 1968, where Jibin Arula (a Muslim) testified that he had been the lone survivor of a group of [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front|Moro army]] recruits that had been executed en-masse on [[Corregidor]] island on March 18, 1968.<ref name="Rappler">{{cite news|url=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/24025-jabidah-massacre-merdeka-sabah|title=Jabidah and Merdeka: The inside story|author1=Marites Dañguilan Vitug|author2=Glenda M. Gloria|work=Rappler|date=March 18, 2013|access-date=September 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913010948/http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/24025-jabidah-massacre-merdeka-sabah|archive-date=September 13, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="George1980">{{cite book|author=T. J. S. George|title=Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=HmYKAQAAIAAJ}}|year=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-580429-4}}</ref> The allegations became a major flashpoint that ignited the [[Moro insurgency in the Philippines|Moro insurgency]].<ref name="George1980"/>

===Defense expansion ===
[[File:CongressBuilding SEATO.jpg|thumb|right|The leaders of some of the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]] nations in front of the [[Old Legislative Building (Manila)|Congress Building]] in Manila, hosted by Marcos on October 24, 1966]]

One of President Marcos's earliest initiatives was to significantly expand the Philippine military. In an unprecedented move, Marcos chose to concurrently serve as his own defense secretary, giving him direct control over the military.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10"/> He significantly increased the defense budget, tapping them for civil projects such as school construction. Marcos' policies led Senator [[Ninoy Aquino|Benigno Aquino Jr.]] to accuse Marcos in 1968 of trying to establish "a garrison state".<ref name="GovPh29thNinoyAnniv"/>

===Vietnam War===
[[File:LBJ meets with Ferdinand Marcos in Manila 1966-10-23.JPG|thumb|President Marcos (left) and his wife [[Imelda Marcos|Imelda]] (center) meet with US President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (right) in Manila in October 1966.]]

Under intense pressure from the Johnson administration,<ref name="McMahon1999">{{Cite book |url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=lx0MWRuKtUkC|page=141}} |title=The Limits of Empire: The United States and Southeast Asia Since World War II |last1=McMahon |first1=Robert J. |authorlink=Robert J. McMahon |date=1999 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231108812 |page=141 |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107161424/https://books.google.com/books?id=lx0MWRuKtUkC&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> Marcos reversed his prior position of not sending Philippine forces to Vietnam,<ref name="McMahon1999" /><ref name="showingflag">{{cite web |last1=Jagel |first1=Matthew |title="Showing Its Flag": The United States, The Philippines, and the Vietnam War |url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/91307/1/showing%20its%20flag_19836-Article%20Text-46661-1-10-20130711.pdf |publisher=Northern Illinois University |access-date=July 5, 2019 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731043832/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/91307/1/showing%20its%20flag_19836-Article%20Text-46661-1-10-20130711.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> consenting to limited involvement.<ref name="agoncillo508">{{Cite book|last=Agoncillo|first=Teodoro|title=History of the Filipino People|publisher=C & E Publishing|year=1990|edition=8th|location=Quezon City}}</ref> He then asked Congress to approve sending a [[combat engineer]] unit. Despite opposition, the proposal was approved and Philippine troops were involved from the middle of 1966 as the Philippines Civic Action Group (PHILCAG). PHILCAG grew to a strength of some 1,600 troops in 1968. Between 1966 and 1970 over 10,000 Filipino soldiers served in Vietnam, mainly involved in civilian infrastructure projects.<ref name="Celoza1997">{{cite book |last=Celoza |first=Albert F. |url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC}} |title=Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism |date=1997 |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-275-94137-6 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107161415/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC&pg=PA57 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|[{{Google books|plainurl=y|id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC}} 102–103]}}<ref>Lieutenant General Larsen, Stanley Robert (1985) [http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm "Chapter III: The Philippines"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105005608/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm |date=January 5, 2008}} in ''Allied Participation in Vietnam'', US Department of the Army</ref>

===Loans for construction projects===
{{See also|Edifice complex}}
[[File:Emperor Hirohito in Philippines 1966.jpg|thumb|Marcos with Japanese Emperor [[Hirohito]] in 1966]]

Attempting to become the first president of the third republic to be reelected, Marcos began taking massive foreign loans to fund the "rice, roads, and school buildings" he promised in his reelection campaign. With tax revenues inadequate to fund his 70% increase in infrastructure spending from 1966 to 1970, Marcos covered the gap with loans, creating a budget deficit 72% higher than the Philippine government's annual deficit from 1961 to 1965.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" />

The Marcos administration continued this loan-funded spending throughout his reign, producing economic instability that continued for decades.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" /> Marcos's grandest first term infrastructure projects, especially the [[Cultural Center of the Philippines]] complex, marked the beginning of what critics would label his "[[edifice complex]]".<ref name="Lico2003"/>{{page needed|date=June 2020}}

===Jabidah exposé ===
{{Main|Jabidah massacre|Moro conflict}}

In March 1968 Jibin Arula was fished out of Manila Bay, after he was shot. He was brought to then-Cavite Governor Delfin N. Montano, to whom he described the Jabidah massacre, saying that numerous [[Moro people|Moro]] army recruits had been executed by members of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] (AFP) on March 18, 1968.<ref name="Rappler"/>{{better source needed|date=June 2020}} This became the subject of an exposé by Senator Aquino.<ref name="sfof">{{cite web|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1968/03/28/jabidah-special-forces-of-evil-by-senator-benigno-s-aquino-jr/|title=Jabidah! Special Forces of Evil?|author=Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr.|publisher=[[Government of the Philippines]]|date=March 28, 1968|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=December 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225182831/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1968/03/28/jabidah-special-forces-of-evil-by-senator-benigno-s-aquino-jr/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nasser A. Marohomsalic|title=Aristocrats of the Malay Race: A Historic of the Bangsa Moro in the Philippines|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=s3ZwAAAAMAAJ}}|year=2001|publisher=N.A. Marohomsalic}}</ref>

Although the lack of other living witnesses hampered the probe, it ignited the [[Moro insurgency in the Philippines]].<ref name="George1980"/> Despite numerous trials and hearings, none of the officers implicated in the massacre were convicted, leading many Filipino Muslims to believe that the "Christian" government in Manila had little regard for them.<ref name="Larousse2001">{{cite book|author=William Larousse|title=A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu, Philippines : 1965–2000|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=qyo-Hti0-KAC}}|year=2001|publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop|isbn=978-88-7652-879-8|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107162927/https://books.google.com/books?id=qyo-Hti0-KAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Majul1985">{{cite book|author=Cesar Adib Majul|title=The contemporary Muslim movement in the Philippines|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=6rpwAAAAMAAJ}}|date=October 1985|publisher=Mizan Press|isbn=978-0-933782-16-7}}</ref> This created a furor within the Philippine Muslim community, especially among educated youth,<ref name="MuslimPresident1994">{{cite book|author1=Macapado Abaton Muslim|author2=Philippines. Office of the President|author3=Mindanao State University. College of Public Affairs|title=The Moro armed struggle in the Philippines: the nonviolent autonomy alternative|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=4ERxAAAAMAAJ}}|year=1994|publisher=Office of the President and College of Public Affairs, Mindanao State University|isbn=978-971-11-1130-4}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020}} and among Muslim intellectuals, who had had no significant involvement in politics.<ref name="George1980" /> The Jabidah massacre costed many Filipino Muslims their belief in opportunities for integration and accommodation.<ref name="Smith2015">{{cite book|author=Paul J. Smith|title=Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=nG6sBwAAQBAJ|page=5}}|date=March 26, 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-45886-9|pages=5–}}</ref>

This eventually led to the formation of the [[Mindanao Independence Movement]] in 1968, the Bangsamoro Liberation Organization (BMLO) was created in 1969, and the consolidation of these various forces into the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] (MNLF) in October 1972.<ref name="BetweenIntegrationandSecession">{{Cite book|title = Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand and Western Burma/Myanmar|last = Yegar|first = Moshe|publisher = Lexington Books|year = 2002|pages = 267–268}}</ref>

===1969 campaign===
{{Main|1969 Ferdinand Marcos presidential campaign}}{{Excerpt|Ferdinand Marcos 1969 presidential campaign}}

===Balance of payments crisis===
{{Excerpt|1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis|only=paragraphs}}

=== Informal diplomacy ===
Marcos engaged in unofficial diplomacy with the [[Eastern Bloc|Soviet Bloc]], shaped by the [[Sino-Soviet split]].<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Scalice |first=Joseph |date=June 28, 2021 |title=Cadre as informal diplomats: Ferdinand Marcos and the Soviet Bloc, 1965–1975 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02757206.2021.1946053 |journal=History and Anthropology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=355–371 |doi=10.1080/02757206.2021.1946053 |s2cid=237790445 |issn=0275-7206 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163429/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02757206.2021.1946053 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930]] (PKP-1930), was an officially illegal organization that had endorsed Marcos in 1965. The formation of the China-aligned [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] led to government support of the Soviet-aligned PKP-1930. Some PKP-1930 members were appointed to positions within Marcos's government as salaried "researchers". Their connections were used as another channel of negotiation with the Soviet Union.<ref name=":17" />