Editing Fear (section)

==Behavior==
Although fear behavior varies from species to species, it is often divided into two main categories; namely, avoidance/flight and immobility.<ref name=":Archer"/> To these, different researchers have added different categories, such as threat [[Display (zoology)|display]] and attack,<ref name=":Misslin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Misslin R | title = The defense system of fear: behavior and neurocircuitry | journal = Neurophysiologie Clinique = Clinical Neurophysiology | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 55–66 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12837573 | doi = 10.1016/s0987-7053(03)00009-1 | s2cid = 35133426 }}</ref> protective responses (including [[Startle response|startle]] and [[looming]] responses),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC, Rodgers J, Weiss SM | title = The characterization and modelling of antipredator defensive behavior | journal = Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 463–472 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2287483 | doi = 10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80069-7 | s2cid = 10132051 }}</ref> defensive burying,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = De Boer SF, Koolhaas JM | title = Defensive burying in rodents: ethology, neurobiology and psychopharmacology | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 463 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 145–161 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12600707 | doi = 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01278-0 }}</ref> and social responses (including alarm vocalizations and submission).<ref name=":Misslin"/><ref name=":Archer1979">{{cite book | vauthors = Archer J |chapter=Behavioural aspects of fear |year=1979 | veditors = Sluckin W |title=Fear in Animals and Man |pages=56–85 |location=Workingham, UK |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold }}</ref> Finally, immobility is often divided into [[Freezing behavior|freezing]] and [[tonic immobility]].<ref name=":Misslin"/><ref name=":Archer1979"/>

The decision as to which particular fear behavior to perform is determined by the level of fear as well as the specific context, such as environmental characteristics (escape route present, distance to refuge), the presence of a discrete and localized threat, the distance between threat and subject, threat characteristics (speed, size, directness of approach), the characteristics of the subject under threat (size, physical condition, speed, degree of [[crypsis]], protective morphological structures), social conditions (group size), and the amount of experience with the type of the threat.<ref name=":Adolphs"/><ref name=":Archer"/><ref name=":Archer1979"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stankowich T, Blumstein DT | title = Fear in animals: a meta-analysis and review of risk assessment | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 272 | issue = 1581 | pages = 2627–2634 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16321785 | pmc = 1559976 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2005.3251 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Osborn JW, Liard JF, Cowley AW | title = Effect of AVP on pressor responses to peripheral sympathetic stimulation in the rat | chapter = The Economics of Fleeing from Predators | series = Advances in the Study of Behavior | volume = 252 | issue = 4 Pt 2 | pages = H675–H680 | date = April 1987 | pmid = 3565586 | doi = 10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60192-8 | isbn = 9780120045167 }}</ref>