Editing Failed state (section)

=== State development through war-making ===
[[Charles Tilly]] (1985) argued that war-making was an indispensable aspect of state development in Europe through the following interdependent functions:
* War-making—rulers eliminate external rivals (requires building military forces and supportive [[bureaucracy|bureaucracies]])
* State-making—rulers eliminate internal rivals and establish control over their territories (requires building police forces and bureaucracies)
* Protection—rulers bring about benefit to their clients by eliminating their external rivals and guaranteeing their rights (requires building courts and representative assemblies)
* Extraction—rulers extract more tax from their subjects (requires building tax collection apparatuses and exchequers)
Tilly summarized this linkage in the famous phrase: "War made the state, and the state made war."

Similarly, Herbst (1990) added that a war might be the only chance to strengthen an extraction capability since it forced rulers to risk their political lives for extra revenue and forced subjects to consent to pay more tax. It is also important for state development in that the increased revenue would not return to its original level even after the end of wars. Contrary to European states, however, he also pointed out that most [[Third World]] states lacked external threats and had not waged interstate wars, implying that these states are unlikely to take similar steps in the future.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herbst |first1=Jeffrey |title=War and the State in Africa |journal=International Security |year=1990 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=117–139 |doi=10.2307/2538753 |jstor=2538753 |s2cid=153804691 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines" widths="220" heights="220" caption="Maps of some current active wars">
File:Ethiopian_Civil_War_(2020-present).svg|alt=|[[Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)|Ethiopian Civil Conflict]]
File:War_in_North-West_Pakistan.svg|alt=|[[Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War]]
File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_(ISW-CTP).svg|alt=|[[Syrian Civil War]]
File:War_in_Sudan_(2023).svg|alt=|[[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|Sudanese Civil war]]
</gallery>