Editing Experimental cancer treatment (section)

===Selective androgen receptor modulators===
The majority of [[breast cancer]]s are [[androgen receptor]] (AR) positive and SARMs may help treat these cancers, although promising results have only been obtained with cancers that are both [[estrogen receptor]] (ER) positive and AR positive.<ref name=Solomon>{{cite journal |last1=Solomon |first1=Zachary J. |last2=Mirabal |first2=Jorge Rivera |last3=Mazur |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Kohn |first4=Taylor P. |last5=Lipshultz |first5=Larry I. |last6=Pastuszak |first6=Alexander W. |title=Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: Current Knowledge and Clinical Applications |journal=Sexual Medicine Reviews |date=2019 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=84–94 |doi=10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.09.006|pmid=30503797 |pmc=6326857 }}</ref><ref name="Dai">{{cite journal |last1=Dai |first1=Charles |last2=Ellisen |first2=Leif W |title=Revisiting Androgen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer |journal=The Oncologist |date=2023 |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=383–391 |doi=10.1093/oncolo/oyad049 |pmid=36972361 |pmc=10166165 |url=https://academic.oup.com/oncolo/article/28/5/383/7087214}}</ref> [[Anabolic androgenic steroids]] (AAS) were historically used successfully to treat AR positive breast cancer, but were phased out after the development of anti-estrogen therapies, due to androgenic side effects and concerns about [[aromatization]] to estrogen.  SARMs have some of the same therapeutic effects as AAS, but fewer side effects, and they cannot be aromatized.<ref name="Dai" /><ref name =trans>{{cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1=Andrew R. |last2=Lipshultz |first2=Larry I. |last3=Hotaling |first3=James M. |last4=Pastuszak |first4=Alexander W. |title=Selective androgen receptor modulators: the future of androgen therapy? |journal=Translational Andrology and Urology |date=March 2020 |volume=9 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S135–S148 |doi=10.21037/tau.2019.11.02 |pmid=32257854 |pmc=7108998 |issn=2223-4683 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Narayanan>{{cite journal |last1=Narayanan |first1=Ramesh |last2=Coss |first2=Christopher C. |last3=Dalton |first3=James T. |title=Development of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) |journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology |date=2018 |volume=465 |pages=134–142 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.013|pmid=28624515 |pmc=5896569 }}</ref> Although a trial on AR positive [[triple negative breast cancer]] was ended early due to lack of efficacy, ostarine showed benefits in some patients with ER+, AR+ [[metastatic]] breast cancer in a phase II study. In patients with more than 40 percent AR positivity as determined by [[immunohistochemistry]], the [[clinical benefit rate]] (CBR) was 80 percent and the [[objective response rate]] (ORR) was 48 percent—which was considered promising given that the patients had advanced disease and had been heavily pretreated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Palmieri |first1=Carlo |last2=Linden |first2=Hannah M. |last3=Birrell |first3=Stephen |last4=Lim |first4=Elgene |last5=Schwartzberg |first5=Lee S. |last6=Rugo |first6=Hope S. |last7=Cobb |first7=Patrick Wayne |last8=Jain |first8=Kirti |last9=Vogel |first9=Charles L. |last10=O'Shaughnessy |first10=Joyce |last11=Johnston |first11=Stephen R. D. |last12=Getzenberg |first12=Robert H. |last13=Barnette |first13=K. Gary |last14=Steiner |first14=Mitchell S. |last15=Brufsky |first15=Adam |last16=Overmoyer |first16=Beth |title=Efficacy of enobosarm, a selective androgen receptor (AR) targeting agent, correlates with the degree of AR positivity in advanced AR+/estrogen receptor (ER)+ breast cancer in an international phase 2 clinical study. |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |date=2021 |volume=39 |issue=15_suppl |pages=1020 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.1020 |s2cid=236407030 |url=https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.1020 |language=en |issn=0732-183X}}</ref><ref name="Dai"/> In 2022, the FDA granted [[Fast track (FDA)|fast track designation]] to ostarine for AR+, [[Estrogen receptor|ER]]+, [[HER2]]- [[metastatic]] breast cancer.<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA Grants Fast Track Designation to Enobosarm in AR+, ER+, HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer |url=https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/fda-grants-fast-track-designation-to-enobosarm-in-ar-er-her2--metastatic-breast-cancer |website=Cancer Network |access-date=27 August 2023 |language=en |date=10 January 2022}}</ref> SARMs have also shown antitumor effects in prostate cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nyquist |first1=Michael D. |last2=Ang |first2=Lisa S. |last3=Corella |first3=Alexandra |last4=Coleman |first4=Ilsa M. |last5=Meers |first5=Michael P. |last6=Christiani |first6=Anthony J. |last7=Pierce |first7=Cordell |last8=Janssens |first8=Derek H. |last9=Meade |first9=Hannah E. |last10=Bose |first10=Arnab |last11=Brady |first11=Lauren |last12=Howard |first12=Timothy |last13=De Sarkar |first13=Navonil |last14=Frank |first14=Sander B. |last15=Dumpit |first15=Ruth F. |last16=Dalton |first16=James T. |last17=Corey |first17=Eva |last18=Plymate |first18=Stephen R. |last19=Haffner |first19=Michael C. |last20=Mostaghel |first20=Elahe A. |last21=Nelson |first21=Peter S. |title=Selective androgen receptor modulators activate the canonical prostate cancer androgen receptor program and repress cancer growth |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |date=2021 |volume=131 |issue=10 |pages=e146777 |doi=10.1172/JCI146777 |pmid=33998604 |pmc=8121509 |issn=0021-9738}}</ref>