Editing Espionage (section)

=== Cold War ===
Since the end of [[World War II]], the activity of espionage has enlarged, much of it growing out of the [[Cold War]] between the United States and the [[Former Soviet Union|former USSR]]. The [[Russian Empire]] and its successor, the [[Soviet Union]], have had a long tradition of espionage ranging from the [[Okhrana]] to the [[KGB]] (Committee for State Security), which also acted as a secret police force. In the United States, the 1947 National Security Act created the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to coordinate intelligence and the National Security Agency for research into codes and electronic communication. In addition to these, the United States has 13 other intelligence gathering agencies; most of the U.S. expenditures for intelligence gathering are budgeted to various Defense Dept. agencies and their programs. Under the intelligence reorganization of 2004, the director of national intelligence is responsible for overseeing and coordinating the activities and budgets of the U.S. intelligence agencies.

In the [[Cold War]], espionage cases included [[Alger Hiss]], [[Whittaker Chambers]] and the Rosenberg Case. In 1952 the Communist Chinese captured two CIA agents and in 1960 [[Francis Gary Powers]], [[1960 U-2 incident|flying a U-2 reconnaissance mission]] over the Soviet Union for the CIA, was shot down and captured. During the Cold War, many Soviet intelligence officials defected to the West, including Gen. [[Walter Krivitsky]], [[Victor Kravchenko (defector)|Victor Kravchenko]], [[Vladimir Petrov (diplomat)|Vladimir Petrov]], Peter Deriabin, Pawel Monat and [[Oleg Penkovsky]] of the [[GRU (Soviet Union)|GRU]]. Among Western officials who defected to the Soviet Union are [[Guy Burgess]] and [[Donald Maclean (spy)|Donald D. Maclean]] of Great Britain in 1951, [[Otto John]] of West Germany in 1954, [[William Hamilton Martin|William H. Martin]] and [[Bernon F. Mitchell]], U.S. cryptographers, in 1960, and Harold (Kim) Philby of Great Britain in 1962. U.S. acknowledgment of its U-2 flights and the exchange of Francis Gary Powers for [[Rudolf Abel]] in 1962 implied the legitimacy of some espionage as an arm of foreign policy.

[[China]] has a very cost-effective intelligence program that is especially effective in monitoring neighboring countries such as [[Mongolia]], [[Russia]] and [[India]]. Smaller countries can also mount effective and focused espionage efforts. For instance, the [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Vietnamese communists]] had consistently superior intelligence during the [[Vietnam War]]. Some Islamic countries, including [[Libya]], [[Iran]] and [[Syria]], have highly developed operations as well. [[SAVAK]], the secret police of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]], was particularly feared by Iranian dissidents before the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]].