Editing Emperor of China (section)

== Ethnicity ==
{{See also|Conquest dynasty|Ethnic groups in Chinese history}}
Recent scholarship is wary of applying present-day [[List of ethnic groups in China|ethnic categories]] to historical situations. Most Chinese emperors have been considered members of the [[Han ethnicity]], but there were also many Chinese emperors who were of non-Han ethnic origins. The most successful of these were the [[Khitans]] of the [[Liao dynasty]], the [[Jurchens]] of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]], who later ruled the [[Qing dynasty]] as the [[Manchus]], and the Mongols of the Yuan dynasty. The orthodox historical view sees these as dynasties as [[sinicized]] polities as they adopted Han culture, claimed the [[Mandate of Heaven]], and performed the traditional imperial obligations such as annual sacrifices to Heaven for rain and prosperity. The revisionist [[New Qing History]] school, however, argues that the interaction between politics and ethnicity was far more complex and that elements of these dynasties differed from and altered "native Chinese" traditions concerning imperial rule.<ref>{{cite web | last= Zheng | first= Xiaowei | author-mask= Zheng Xiaowei | orig-date= 2003 | date= 2010 | url= https://ucsdmodernchinesehistory.wordpress.com/2010/05/01/1039/ | title=Sinicization vs. Manchuness: The Success of Manchu Rule | via= a blog}}</ref>