Editing Electron transport chain (section)

=== Reverse electron flow ===
[[Reverse electron flow]] is the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain through the reverse redox reactions. Usually requiring a significant amount of energy to be used, this can reduce the oxidized forms of electron donors. For example, NAD<sup>+</sup> can be reduced to NADH by Complex I.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim|first1=Byung Hong |last2=Gadd|first2=Geoffrey Michael | name-list-style = vanc |chapter=Introduction to bacterial physiology and metabolism| title =Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism|pages=1–6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-79046-1|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511790461.002}}</ref> There are several factors that have been shown to induce reverse electron flow. However, more work needs to be done to confirm this. One example is blockage of ATP synthase, resulting in a build-up of protons and therefore a higher [[proton-motive force]], inducing [[reverse electron flow]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mills EL, Kelly B, Logan A, Costa AS, Varma M, Bryant CE, Tourlomousis P, Däbritz JH, Gottlieb E, Latorre I, Corr SC, McManus G, Ryan D, Jacobs HT, Szibor M, Xavier RJ, Braun T, Frezza C, Murphy MP, O'Neill LA | display-authors = 6 | title = Succinate Dehydrogenase Supports Metabolic Repurposing of Mitochondria to Drive Inflammatory Macrophages | journal = Cell | volume = 167 | issue = 2 | pages = 457–470.e13 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27667687 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.064 | pmc = 5863951 | doi-access = free }}</ref>