Editing Electrolyte (section)

== Solid electrolytes ==
{{Main|Fast-ion conductor|Solid-state electrolyte}}
Solid electrolytes can be mostly divided into four groups described below.

=== Gel electrolytes ===
Gel electrolytes – closely resemble liquid electrolytes. In essence, they are liquids in a flexible [[crystal structure|lattice framework]]. Various [[Food additive|additive]]s are often applied to increase the [[Electrical conductivity|conductivity]] of such systems.<ref name="Wladyslaw Wieczorek-2011" /><ref name="dry">{{cite web |url=http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm?storyid=933 |title=The Roll-to-Roll Battery Revolution |publisher=Ev World |access-date=2010-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710210351/http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm?storyid=933 |archive-date=10 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Ceramic electrolytes ===
Solid ceramic electrolytes – [[ion]]s migrate through the ceramic phase by means of vacancies or [[interstitial compound|interstitials]] within the [[Crystal lattice|lattice]]. There are also [[Glass-ceramic|glassy-ceramic]] electrolytes.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

=== Polymer electrolytes ===
{{Main|Polymer electrolytes}}
Dry polymer electrolytes differ from liquid and gel electrolytes in that salt is dissolved directly into the solid medium. Usually it is a relatively high-[[Relative permittivity|dielectric constant]] [[polymer]] ([[polyethylene oxide|PEO]], [[Poly(methyl methacrylate)|PMMA]], [[Polyacrylonitrile|PAN]], [[polyphosphazene]]s, [[siloxane]]s, etc.) and a salt with low [[lattice energy]]. In order to increase the [[mechanical strength]] and conductivity of such electrolytes, very often [[composite material|composites]] are made, and inert ceramic phase is introduced. There are two major classes of such electrolytes: polymer-in-ceramic, and ceramic-in-polymer.<ref name="SyzdekBorkowska2007">{{cite journal|vauthors=Syzdek J, Borkowska R, Perzyna K, Tarascon JM, Wieczorek W|title=Novel composite polymeric electrolytes with surface-modified inorganic fillers|journal=Journal of Power Sources|volume=173|issue=2|year=2007|pages=712–720|issn=0378-7753|doi=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.05.061|bibcode=2007JPS...173..712S}}</ref><ref name="SyzdekArmand2010">{{cite journal|vauthors=Syzdek J, Armand M, Marcinek M, Zalewska A, Żukowska G, Wieczorek W|title=Detailed studies on the fillers modification and their influence on composite, poly(oxyethylene)-based polymeric electrolytes|journal=Electrochimica Acta|volume=55|issue=4|year=2010|pages=1314–1322|issn=0013-4686|doi=10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.025}}</ref><ref name="SyzdekArmand2009">{{cite journal|vauthors=Syzdek J, Armand M, Gizowska M, Marcinek M, Sasim E, Szafran M, Wieczorek W|title=Ceramic-in-polymer versus polymer-in-ceramic polymeric electrolytes—A novel approach|journal=Journal of Power Sources|volume=194|issue=1|year=2009|pages=66–72|issn=0378-7753|doi=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.070|bibcode=2009JPS...194...66S}}</ref>

=== Organic plastic electrolytes ===
Organic ionic plastic crystals – are a type [[salt (chemistry)|organic salts]] exhibiting [[mesophase]]s (i.e. a [[state of matter]] intermediate between liquid and solid), in which mobile ions are orientationally or rotationally disordered while their centers are located at the ordered sites in the crystal structure.<ref name="Jan Fransaer-2015" /> They have various forms of disorder due to one or more solid–solid [[phase transition]]s below the [[melting point]] and have therefore [[Plasticity (physics)|plastic]] properties and good mechanical flexibility as well as an improved electrode-electrolyte interfacial contact. In particular, protic organic ionic plastic crystals (POIPCs),<ref name="Jan Fransaer-2015">
{{cite journal
 |author1=Jiangshui Luo |author2=Annemette H. Jensen |author3=Neil R. Brooks |author4=Jeroen Sniekers |author5=Martin Knipper |author6=David Aili |author7=Qingfeng Li |author8=Bram Vanroy |author9=Michael Wübbenhorst |author10=Feng Yan |author11=Luc Van Meervelt |author12=Zhigang Shao |author13=Jianhua Fang |author14=Zheng-Hong Luo |author15=Dirk E. De Vos |author16=Koen Binnemans |author17=Jan Fransaer |s2cid=84176511 |year=2015
 |title=1,2,4-Triazolium perfluorobutanesulfonate as an archetypal pure protic organic ionic plastic crystal electrolyte for all-solid-state fuel cells
 |journal=[[Energy & Environmental Science]]
 |volume=8
 |issue=4 |pages=1276–1291 |doi=10.1039/C4EE02280G
}}</ref> which are solid [[protic]] organic salts formed by [[proton]] transfer from a [[Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory|Brønsted acid]] to a Brønsted base and in essence are protic [[ionic liquid]]s in the [[Molten salt|molten state]], have found to be promising solid-state [[proton conductor]]s for [[fuel cell]]s. Examples include [[Triazolium salt#1,4-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazolium salts|1,2,4-triazolium]] [[Nonaflate|perfluorobutanesulfonate]]<ref name="Jan Fransaer-2015" /> and [[Imidazole|imidazolium]] [[methanesulfonate]].<ref>
{{cite journal
 |author1=Jiangshui Luo |author2=Olaf Conrad |author3=Ivo F. J. Vankelecom |s2cid=96622511 |year=2013
 |title=Imidazolium methanesulfonate as a high temperature proton conductor
 |journal=[[Journal of Materials Chemistry A]]
 |volume=1
 |issue=6 |pages=2238–2247 |doi=10.1039/C2TA00713D
|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/392330 }}</ref>