Editing Egyptology (section)

==Academic discipline==
Egyptology was established as an [[academic discipline]] through the research of [[Ippolito Rosellini]] in Italy, [[Emmanuel de Rougé]] in France, [[Samuel Birch (Egyptologist)|Samuel Birch]] in England, and [[Heinrich Brugsch]] in Germany. In 1880, [[Flinders Petrie]], another British Egyptologist, revolutionised the field of archaeology through controlled and scientifically recorded excavations. Petrie's work determined that Egyptian culture dated back as early as 4500 BC. The British [[Egypt Exploration Fund]] founded in 1882 and other Egyptologists promoted Petrie's methods. Other scholars worked on producing a hieroglyphic dictionary, developing a Demotic lexicon, and establishing an outline of ancient Egyptian history.<ref name="Saylor" />

In the United States, the founding of the [[Oriental Institute (Chicago)|Oriental Institute]] at the University of Chicago and the expedition of [[James Henry Breasted]] to Egypt and Nubia established Egyptology as a legitimate field of study. In 1924, Breasted also started the [[Epigraphic Survey (Oriental Institute)|Epigraphic Survey]] to make and publish accurate copies of monuments. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]; the [[University of Pennsylvania]]; the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]; the Brooklyn Institute of Fine Arts; and the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University also conducted 
excavations in Egypt, expanding American collections.<ref name="Saylor" />

In 1999, under the leadership of [[Ioannis Liritzis|Prof. Ioannis Liritzis]], Egyptology was introduced as an academic discipline in Greece, specifically in the [https://dms.aegean.gr/en/ Department of Mediterranean Studies (DMS)] of the [https://www.aegean.gr/ University of the Aegean].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archlab.aegean.gr/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/pepragmena.pdf|access-date=31 March 2023|website=archlab.aegean.gr|title=Εργαστήριο Αρχαιομετρίας|year=2019|language=el|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326231248/https://archlab.aegean.gr/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/pepragmena.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://liritzis.eu/?page_id=16|title=ACADEMIC ACTIVITY – Ioannis Liritzis|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331192032/https://liritzis.eu/?page_id=16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dms.aegean.gr/%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1/%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1/%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF-%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82/|title=Εργαστήριο Αρχαιομετρίας|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326064426/https://dms.aegean.gr/%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1/%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1/%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF-%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archlab.aegean.gr/|title=Εργαστήριο Αρχαιομετρίας – Τμήμα Μεσογειακών Σπουδών Πανεπιστημίου Αιγαίου|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326231248/https://archlab.aegean.gr/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="zenodo.org">{{Cite journal|url = https://zenodo.org/record/5998553|doi = 10.5281/zenodo.5998553|year = 2001|author1 = University Of The Aegean|title = Gaia Hellenic -Egypt Project|access-date = 17 February 2022|archive-date = 17 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220217105959/https://zenodo.org/record/5998553|url-status = live}}</ref> Beginning in 1998, Prof. Liritzis has collaborated with Egyptian authorities to encourage research, fieldwork, and education, all supported by Greek and European funding.<ref name="zenodo.org"/><ref>1999: Establishment of the Research Institute in Alexandria by the University of the Aegean and the President of the Hellenic Society at Alexandria Mr S Tambakis. Signed protocol and offering of the classical building Zervoudakios School to host the Institute. (The Protocol was not realized by the new President, successor of Mr Tambakis).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://liritzis.eu/?page_id=34|title=Research Grants – Ioannis Liritzis|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217110005/https://liritzis.eu/?page_id=34|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sciendo.com">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1515/geochr-2015-0041|title=Chronology of construction and occupational phases of Nawamis tombs, Sinai based on OSL dating|year=2016|last1=Liritzis|first1=Ioannis|last2=Zacharias|first2=Nikolaos|last3=Al-Otaibi|first3=Fahad|last4=Iliopoulos|first4=Ioannis|last5=Katagas|first5=Christos|last6=Shaltout|first6=Mossalam|journal=Geochronometria|volume=43|issue=2–3 |pages=121–130|bibcode=2016Gchrm..43..121L |s2cid=67846164|doi-access=free}}</ref> The Hellenic-Egyptian relationship in Egyptological studies has been successful, largely due to Prof. Liritzis, and the result is a plethora of publications and interactions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage/special_issues/egyptology|title=Heritage|website=www.mdpi.com|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031024/https://www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage/special_issues/egyptology|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.aegean.gr/international/institutional.html|title=International Aegean &#124; University of the Aegean|website=www1.aegean.gr|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031024/http://www1.aegean.gr/international/institutional.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sciendo.com"/><ref>2009–10: Prof Liritzis was invited Speaker at Sohag (2009), Beni Suef, and Cairo (2010) Universities and presentation of honorable plaques to Prof Liritzis for his inauguration of a Egyptology Chair in the University of the Aegean, Rhodes, Greece for first time.</ref>

Some universities and colleges offer degrees in Egyptology. In the United States, these include the [[University of Chicago]], [[Brown University]], [[New York University]], [[Yale University]] and [[Indiana University - Bloomington]], and [[California State University San Bernardino]]. There are also many programmes in the United Kingdom, including those at the [[University of Oxford]], the [[University of Cambridge]], [[Swansea University]], the [[University of Liverpool]], the [[University of Manchester]], and the [[University of London]]. While Egyptology is widely studied in continental Europe,<ref>{{cite web|title=Where to Study Egyptology|url=http://www.guardians.net/egypt/education/egyptology_universities.htm|work=Guardian's Egypt|access-date=13 November 2011|archive-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122064149/http://www.guardians.net/egypt/education/egyptology_universities.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> only two--[[Leiden University]] and [[Uppsala University]]—offer degree programs taught in English.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.mastersinleiden.nl/programmes/egyptology/en/introduction|title=Egyptology, Introduction ~ Masters in Leiden|website=en.mastersinleiden.nl|access-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118214145/http://en.mastersinleiden.nl/programmes/Egyptology/en/introduction|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The professional organisation of scholars in Egyptology is the [[International Association of Egyptologists]] (IAE), under whose auspices an ''International Congress of Egyptologists'' (ICE) is held every four years.

Societies for Egyptology include:
* The Society for the Study of Ancient Egypt<ref>[http://www.egyptology-ssae.org The Society for the Study of Ancient Egypt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029175637/http://www.egyptology-ssae.org/ |date=29 October 2015 }} 20:53GMT.14.3.2008</ref>
* The Society for the Study of Ancient Egyptian Antiquities, Canada<ref>[http://www.thessea.org/ The Society for the Study of Ancient Egyptian Antiquities, Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927163705/http://www.thessea.org/ |date=27 September 2008 }} 20:58GMT 3 August 2008</ref>
* Sussex Egyptology Society Online<ref>[http://www.egyptology-uk.com/ Sussex Egyptology Society Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221230305/http://www.egyptology-uk.com/ |date=21 February 2006 }} retrieved GMT21:27.26.2.2006</ref>
* Egypt Exploration Society<ref>[http://www.ees.ac.uk/events/index/31.html Egypt Exploration Society] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406062448/http://www.ees.ac.uk/events/index/31.html |date=6 April 2012 }} retrieved 16:36GMT 3.10.11</ref>

According to [[UCLA]], the standard text that scholars referenced for studies of Egyptology was for three decades or more, the ''Lexikon der Ägyptologie'' (LÄ). The first volume published in 1975 (containing largely German-language articles, with a few in English and French).<ref>[http://www.uee.ucla.edu/UCLos Angeles Project Development Information;Homepage] retrieved 17:47GMT 3.10.11</ref>