Editing Egalitarianism (section)

=== Religious and spiritual egalitarianism ===
==== Christianity ====
{{See also|Christian egalitarianism}}
In 1957, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] quoted [[Galatians 3:28]] ("There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus"<ref>{{cite web |title=Galatians 3:28 NIV |url=https://biblia.com/bible/niv/galatians/3/28 |access-date=4 October 2020 |website=biblia.com}}</ref>) in a pamphlet opposing [[racial segregation in the United States]]. He wrote, "Racial segregation is a blatant denial of the unity which we all have in Christ."<ref>{{cite web |date=10 February 1957 |title='For All ... A Non-Segregated Society,' A Message for Race Relations Sunday |url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/all-non-segregated-society-message-race-relations-sunday |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |language=en}}</ref> He also alluded to that verse at the end of his 1963 "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech.<ref name="Neutel">{{cite news |last1=Neutel |first1=Karin |date=19 May 2020 |title=Galatians 3:28—Neither Jew nor Greek, Slave nor Free, Male and Female |language=en |work=Biblical Archaeology Society |url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/bible-interpretation/galatians-3-28/ |access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> The verse is cited to support an [[egalitarian]] interpretation of Christianity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buell |first1=Denise Kimber |last2=Hodge |first2=Caroline Johnson |date=2004 |title=The Politics of Interpretation: The Rhetoric of Race and Ethnicity in Paul |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |volume=123 |issue=2 |page=235 |doi=10.2307/3267944 |issn=0021-9231 |jstor=3267944}}</ref> According to Jakobus M. Vorster, the central question debated by theologians is whether the statement about ecclesiastical relationships can be translated into a Christian-ethical norm for all human relationships.<ref name="vorster">{{cite journal |last1=Vorster |first1=Jakobus M. |date=2019 |title=The Theological-Ethical Implications of Galatians 3:28 for a Christian Perspective on Equality as a Foundational Value in the Human Rights Discourse |journal=In die Skriflig / In Luce Verbi |volume=53 |issue=1 |page=8 |doi=10.4102/ids.v53i1.2494 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Vorster argues that it can, and that the verse provides a Christian foundation for the promotion of [[human rights]] and equality, in contrast to "patriarchy, racism and exploitation" which in his opinion are caused by human sinfulness.<ref name="vorster" /> Karin Neutel notes how some apply the philosophy of Paul's statement to include sexuality, health and race saying "[The original] three pairs must have been as relevant in the first century, as the additional categories are today." She argues that the verse points to a [[utopian]], [[cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] community.<ref name="Neutel" />

==== Islam ====
The verse [[Al-Hujurat|49]]:13 of The [[Quran]] states: "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the noblest of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Acquainted".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Quranic Arabic Corpus – Translation |url=http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=49&verse=13 |website=corpus.quran.com |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> [[Muhammad]] echoed these egalitarian sentiments, sentiments that clashed with the practices of the pre-Islamic cultures.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} In a review of Louise Marlow's ''Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Islamic Thought,'' [[Ismail Poonawala]] argues the desire for the Arab-Muslim Empire to consolidate power and administer the state rather led to the deemphasis of egalitarian teachings in the Qur'an and by the Prophet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Poonawala |first1=Ismail |author-link1=Ismail Poonawala |title=Reviewed Work: Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Islamic Thought by Louise Marlow |journal=Iranian Studies |date=Summer 1999 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=405–407 |doi=10.1017/S0021086200002759 |jstor=4311272 |s2cid=245659108 }}</ref>