Editing Economy of Turkmenistan (section)

=== Natural gas and oil exports ===
Based on Chinese and Turkmen official trade data, China is the major importer of Turkmenistan's natural gas, with historical volumes between 32 and 35 billion cubic meters per annum (bcma). Originally, thirty-five bcma was Turkmenistan's quota on the [[Central Asia–China gas pipeline]],<ref name=cnpc>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnpc.com.cn/en/FlowofnaturalgasfromCentralAsia/FlowofnaturalgasfromCentralAsia2.shtml|title=Flow of natural gas from Central Asia|website=www.cnpc.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hess |first1=Maximilian |title=Central Asian Gas Exports to China: Beijing's Latest Bargaining Chip? |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2020/06/central-asian-gas-exports-to-china-beijings-latest-bargaining-chip/ |website=Foreign Policy Research Institute |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/KL24Ag07.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224215442/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/KL24Ag07.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=24 December 2009 |title=China plays Pipelineistan' |publisher=Atimes.com |date=24 December 2009 |access-date=3 May 2010}}</ref> but in August 2023, the Turkmenistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that Turkmenistan's quota on this pipeline system was 40 bcma.<ref name=China40 /> Turkmen media reported that in 2022 China imported 43.2 bcm of natural gas via that pipeline, but did not specify how much of that originated in Turkmenistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://business.com.tm/post/9676/central-asiachina-pipeline-transports-432-bcm-of-gas-in-2022 |title=Central Asia-China Pipeline Transports 43.2 bcm of Gas in 2022 |publisher=Business Turkmenistan|date=7 January 2023}}</ref> Subsequently, press reports stated Turkmen natural gas exports to China in 2022 totalled 34.09 bcm.<ref name=resumption>{{citation 
|title=PetroChina looking to resume Central Asia Gas Pipeline Line D construction in 2024
|date=21 December 2023
|url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/lng/122123-petrochina-looking-to-resume-central-asia-gas-pipeline-line-d-construction-in-2024-source
|publisher=S&P Global}}</ref>

Smaller volumes of pipeline gas are also bought by Russia's [[Gazprom]], with 4 bcm in 2019, 4.7 bcm in 2020, and approximately 10 bcm in 2021. Some of this gas is sold onward to Uzbekistan.<ref name=barrel>{{cite news|url=http://caspianbarrel.org/ru/2021/06/rossiya-za-i-kvartal-uvelichila-na-69-import-turkmenskogo-gaza/ |title=Россия за I квартал увеличила на 69% импорт туркменского газа |date=22 June 2021 |first=Ilham|last= Shaban |publisher=Caspian Barrel |language=ru}}</ref><ref name=rferl1221>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-doubles-gas-imports-turkmenistan/31625051.html |title=Russia Doubled Imports Of Natural Gas From Turkmenistan In 2021, Envoy Says |date=24 December 2021 |publisher=[[RFE/RL]]}}</ref> In June 2019 Russia and Turkmenistan signed a five-year agreement for annual deliveries of 5.5 bcm.<ref name=fiveyear>{{cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/general/russia-signs-5-yr-deal-for-greater-turkmen-gas-imports-/25981 |title=Russia signs 5-yr. deal for greater Turkmen gas imports, Purchase agreement will run until 30 June 2024 |date=4 July 2019 |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]] |first=Firdevs |last=Yüksel}}</ref>

Sales of pipeline gas to Iran ceased in 2017 due to a dispute over arrears, but resumed in Summer 2023 with test shipments of 10 million cubic meters (mcm) per day.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.specialeurasia.com/2023/06/04/iran-turkmenistan-natural-gas/ |title= Exploring Iran's Latest Natural Gas Import Deal with Turkmenistan |publisher=SpecialEurasia |date=4 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/turkmenistan-resumes-gas-exports-to-iran-increases-supplies-to-azerbaijan-2023-8-13-0 |title=Turkmenistan Resumes Gas Exports to Iran, Increases Supplies to Azerbaijan |first=Nigar |last= Bayramli |date=13 August 2023 |publisher=Caspian News}}</ref> The deal, signed in June 2023, envisions export of up to 20 mcm per day of natural gas to Iran.<ref>{{citation |url= https://business.com.tm/post/10602/turkmenistan-trials-daily-delivery-of-10-mcm-gas-to-iran |title= Turkmenistan Trials Daily Delivery of 10 mcm Gas to Iran |publisher=Business Turkmenistan |date=8 August 2023}}</ref>

In November 2021, the governments of Turkmenistan, Iran, and Azerbaijan announced agreement on a natural gas swap of up to 2 billion cubic meters per year, with Turkmen gas to flow to Iran, and Iranian gas to flow to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-azerbaijan-turkmenistan-gas-swap/31583984.html |title=Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan Sign Agreement On Gas Swap, Iranian Media Report |date=28 November 2021 |publisher=[[RFE/RL]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/azerbaijan-iran-turkmenistan-agree-to-swap-turkmen-gas-2021-11-30-0/ |title=Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan Agree to Swap Turkmen Gas |first=Orkhan |last=Jalilov |date=1 December 2021 |publisher=Caspian News }}</ref><ref name=swap3>{{cite news|url=https://www.pipeline-journal.net/news/iran-signs-tripartite-gas-swap-deal-neighboring-azerbaijan-and-turkmenistan |first= Daniel |last=Onyango |title= Iran Signs Tripartite Gas Swap Deal With Neighboring Azerbaijan And Turkmenistan |date=2 December 2021 |publisher=Pipeline Technology Journal}}</ref> Iran's oil minister, [[Javad Owji]], declared readiness to increase the swap volume to 15 bcma.<ref name=swap5>{{cite web |url= https://irangov.ir/detail/377602 |title=Minister: Iran ready for 40-million cubic meters daily gas swap with Turkmenistan |date=9 January 2022 |publisher=Government of Iran}}</ref> In August 2023 media reported that the volume of gas swapped had risen from 4.5 million cubic meters per day to 8 mcm per day.<ref name=swapup>{{citation |url=https://www.hronikatm.com/2023/08/ir-gas-exports-resumption/ |title=Туркменистан возобновил поставки газа в Иран | date=9 August 2023 | language=ru |publisher=Chronicles of Turkmenistan}}</ref>

According to [[BP]]'s ''Statistical Review of World Energy 2021'', Turkmenistan's natural gas exports in 2020, by destination, in billion cubic meters were:
{| class="wikitable"

|-
| Kazakhstan || align="right" | 0.1
|-
| Russia || align="right" | 3.8
|-
| Other CIS || align="right" | 0.5
|-
| China  || align="right" | 27.2
|-
| Total<ref name=bp2021>{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf |page=45|title=Statistical Review of World Energy 2021 |publisher=BP}}</ref> || align="right" |31.6
|}

====Value of exports====
Chinese sources reported that in 2021 Turkmenistan earned $6.79 billion for delivering natural gas to China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chiangraitimes.com/news-asia/chinas-xi-proposes-cooperation-with-turkmenistan/ |title=China's Xi Proposes Enhanced 'Natural Gas' Cooperation With Turkmenistan |date= 7 January 2023| first= Sufyan|last= Ahmad |publisher=CTN News}}</ref> Chinese Customs statistics show China imported natural gas from Turkmenistan from January through November 2022 valued at $9.28 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.customs.gov.cn/ |title=Customs statistics |access-date=16 January 2023 }} Commodity code 27112100, country codes 106, 130, 131, 145, 148, 149, 344, 502, 601</ref> Azerbaijan imported 857 million cubic meters (mcm) of natural gas from Turkmenistan in calendar year 2022, worth "over $130.63 million".<ref name=nca>{{citation |url=https://business.com.tm/post/9890/turkmenistan-exports-over-857-mcm-of-natural-gas-to-azerbaijan |title=Turkmenistan Exports Over 857 mcm of Natural Gas to Azerbaijan |publisher=Business Turkmenistan |date=24 February 2023}}</ref>

In June 2021 Turkmenistan and China announced award of a tender to CNPC Chuanging Drilling Engineering Company, Ltd. for drilling gas wells in the Galkynysh gas field in return for payment in kind of 17 bcm of natural gas delivered over a period of three years.<ref name=tender2021>{{cite news|url=http://www.turkmenistan.ru/ru/print/articles/45677.html |title=Компания из КНР выиграла тендер на бурение новых скважин на самом крупном газовом месторождении Туркменистана |publisher=Turkmenistan.ru | date= 20 June 2021 | language=ru}}</ref><ref name=tender2021a>{{cite news|url= https://neftegaz.ru/news/drill/693935-kitayskaya-kompaniya-proburit-3-gazovykh-skvazhiny-v-turkmenistane/ |date= 24 August 2021 |title=Китайская компания пробурит 3 газовых скважины в Туркменистане |language=ru |publisher=Neftegaz.RU |first=Ye. |last=Svintsova}}</ref> The first of these wells was commissioned in January 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://business.com.tm/post/9692/turkmenistans-galkynysh-gas-field-commissions-complex-well |title=Turkmenistan's Galkynysh Gas Field Commissions Complex Well |publisher=Business Turkmenistan |date=11 January 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="11" align="center"|'''Turkmenistan Hydrocarbon Exports'''<ref name=stat2020a>{{cite book|title=Türkmenistanyň Ýyllyk Statistik Neşiri 2019 Ýyl|page=122|date=2020|place=Ashgabat|language=Turkmen, Russian, English|publisher=State Committee of Statistics of Turkmenistan}}</ref>
|-
|
| colspan="2" align="center"|2015
| colspan="2" align="center"|2016
| colspan="2" align="center"|2017
| colspan="2" align="center"|2018
| colspan="2" align="center"|2019
|-
|
|align="center"|quantity
|align="center"|value,<br>million US$
|align="center"|quantity
|align="center"|value,<br>million US$
|align="center"|quantity
|align="center"|value,<br>million US$
|align="center"|quantity
|align="center"|value,<br>million US$
|align="center"|quantity
|align="center"|value,<br>million US$
|-
|natural gas, billion cubic meters
| align="right" |40.3
| align="right" |8406.7
| align="right" |37.9
| align="right" |4327.8
| align="right" |38.2
| align="right" |5031.7
| align="right" |37.8
| align="right" |6428.0
| align="right" |37.6
| align="right" |6942.1
|-
|petroleum products, million tonnes
| align="right" |2.8
| align="right" |1038.3
| align="right" |2.6
| align="right" |796.2
| align="right" |2.6
| align="right" |1000.7
| align="right" |2.9
| align="right" |1430.1
| align="right" |3.1
| align="right" |1297.1
|-
|crude oil, million tonnes
| align="right" |4.1
| align="right" |1466.8
| align="right" |4.9
| align="right" |1210.8
| align="right" |1.9
| align="right" |612.8
| align="right" |6.4
| align="right" |2634.4
| align="right" |3.8
| align="right" |1671.5
|}