Editing East Slavic languages (section)

===Phonology===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2014}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! [[Isogloss]]es
! [[Northern Russian dialects|Northern<br />Russian]]
! Standard Russian<br /> (Moscow dialect)
! [[Southern Russian dialects|Southern<br /> Russian]]
! Standard Belarusian
! Standard Ukrainian
! Examples
|-
! scope="row" | reduction<br />of unstressed {{IPA|/o/}} ([[akanye]])
| no || colspan="3" | yes<ref group=n>Except for the Polesian dialect of [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]]</ref> || no<ref group=n>Except for the Eastern [[Polesia]]n dialect</ref> || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|голова́}} {{IPA|/ɡɐlɐˈva/}},<br>B. {{wikt-lang|be|галава́}} {{IPA|/ɣalaˈva/}},<br>U. {{wikt-lang|uk|голова́}} {{IPA|/ɦɔlɔˈʋa/}}<br>"head"
|-
! scope="row" | pretonic {{IPA|/ʲe/}} ([[yakanye]])
| {{IPA|/ʲe/}} || {{IPA|/ʲi/}} || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʲa/}} || {{IPA|/e/}}<ref group=n>Consonants are hard before {{IPA|/e/}}</ref> || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|земля́}} {{IPA|/zʲiˈmlʲa/}},<br>B. {{wikt-lang|be|зямля́}} {{IPA|/zʲaˈmlʲa/}},<br>U. {{wikt-lang|uk|земля́}} {{IPA|/zeˈmlʲa/}}<br>"earth"
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''i''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|/i/}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɪ/}}<ref group=n>Except for some dialects</ref> || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|лист}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲist/}},<br>B. {{wikt-lang|be|ліст}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲist/}},<br>U. {{wikt-lang|uk|лист}} {{IPA|/ˈlɪst/}}<br>"leaf"
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''y''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|/ɨ/}} || {{nowrap|R./B. {{wikt-lang|ru|ты}} {{IPA|/ˈtɨ/}},<br>U. {{wikt-lang|uk|ти}} {{IPA|/ˈtɪ/}}<br>"thou, you"}}
|-
! scope="row" | stressed CoC
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|/o/}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/i/}}<ref group=n>In some Ukrainian dialects C{{IPA|/o/}}C can be {{IPA|/y~y̯e~y̯i~u̯o/}}</ref><ref group=n>In some Ukrainian dialects PSl *''ě'' can be {{IPA|/e̝~i̯ɛ/}}</ref> || {{nowrap|R. {{wikt-lang|ru|ночь}} {{IPA|/ˈnot͡ɕ/}},<br>B. {{wikt-lang|be|ноч}} {{IPA|/ˈnot͡ʂ/}},<br>U. {{wikt-lang|uk|ніч}} {{IPA|/ˈnʲit͡ʃ/}}<br>"night"}}
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''ě''
|  {{IPA|/e̝~i̯ɛ~i/}} || colspan="3" | {{IPA|/e/}} || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|се́мя}} {{IPA|/ˈsʲemʲa/}},<br>B. {{wikt-lang|be|се́мя}} {{IPA|/ˈsʲemʲa/}},<br>U. {{wikt-lang|uk|сі́м'я}} {{IPA|/ˈsʲimja/}}<br>"seed"
|-
! scope="row" | /e/>/o/ change before nonpalatalized consonants<ref group=n>Also at the end of words (in Russian and Belarusian). In Belarusian (unlike Russian), the change is not present in stressed 2 and 3 sg. pres. ind. endings.</ref>
| always || colspan="3" | under stress || after /j/, /nʲ/, /lʲ/, /ʒ/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/ || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|зелёный}} {{IPA|/zʲiˈlʲonɨj/}}, <br>B. {{wikt-lang|be|зялёны}} {{IPA|/zʲaˈlʲonɨ/}}, <br> U. {{wikt-lang|uk|зеле́ний}} {{IPA|/zeˈlenɪj/}}<br>"green"
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''c''
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|/t͡s/}}<ref group=n>Can be {{IPA|/s/}} in South Russian</ref><ref group=n name="c">In some Northern Russian dialects, Proto-Slavic *''c'' and *''č'' have merged into one sound, variously pronounced as {{IPA|/t͡s, t͡sʲ, t͡ʂ, t͡ɕ/}} depending on a dialect.</ref> || {{IPA|/t͡s, t͡sʲ/}} ||R. волчица (volčica)
B. ваўчыца (vaŭčyca)
U. вовчиця (vovčyc’a)
”female wolf”
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''č''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}}<ref group=n>Can be {{IPA|/ɕ/}} in Southern Russian</ref><ref group=n name="c"/> || {{IPA|/t͡ʂ/}} || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|час}} {{IPA|/ˈt͡ɕas/}}<br> "hour",<br>B. {{wikt-lang|be|час}} {{IPA|/ˈt͡ʂas/}},<br>U. {{wikt-lang|uk|час}} {{IPA|/ˈt͡ʃas/}}<br>"time"
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''skj'', ''zgj''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ɕː/}},<ref group=n>Can be {{IPA|/ɕt͡ɕ/}}, {{IPA|/ʂː/}}</ref>  {{IPA|/ʑː/}} || {{IPA|/ʂt͡ʂ/}}, {{IPA|/ʐd͡ʐ/}} || {{IPA|/ʃt͡ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/ʒd͡ʒ/}} ||R. ещё /jeˈɕːo/
B. яшчэ /jaˈʂt͡ʂe/
U. ще /ʃt͡ʃe/
“yet”
|-
! scope="row" | soft [[dental stop]]s
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/tʲ/}}, {{IPA|/dʲ/}}<ref group=n>In Russian light affrication can occur: {{IPA|[tˢʲ]}} , {{IPA|[dᶻʲ]}}</ref> || {{IPA|/t͡sʲ/}}, {{IPA|/d͡zʲ/}} || {{IPA|/tʲ/}}, {{IPA|/dʲ/}} || {{nowrap|R. {{wikt-lang|ru|де́сять}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲesʲitʲ/}},<br>B. {{wikt-lang|be|дзе́сяць}} {{IPA|/ˈd͡zʲesʲat͡sʲ/}},<br>U. {{wikt-lang|uk|де́сять}} {{IPA|/ˈdesʲatʲ/}}<br>"ten"}}
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''v''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/v, f/}}<ref group=n>In some Northern Russian sub-dialects {{IPA|/v/}} is not devoiced to {{IPA|/f/}}</ref> || {{IPA|/w/}} || {{IPA|/v/}}<br>{{IPA|[v, w]}} || {{IPA|/ʋ/}}<br>{{IPA|[β, w]}}
/u̯/ (at the end of a closed syllable)
| {{nowrap|R. {{wikt-lang|ru|о́стров}} {{IPA|/ˈostraf/}},<br>B. {{wikt-lang|be|во́страў}} {{IPA|/ˈvostrau̯/}},<br>U. {{wikt-lang|uk|о́стрів}} {{IPA|/ˈostriu̯/}}<br>"island"}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{IPA|/f/}} (in loanwords)
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}} || {{IPA|/x~xv~xw~xu̯/}} || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}} ||
|-
! scope="row" | Prothetic {{IPA|/v~w~u̯/}}
| colspan="2" | no<ref group=n>Except for ''восемь'' "eight" and some others</ref> || colspan="3" | yes || {{nowrap|R. {{wikt-lang|ru|о́стров}} {{IPA|/ˈostraf/}},<br>B. {{wikt-lang|be|во́страў}} {{IPA|/ˈvostrau̯/}},<br>U. {{wikt-lang|uk|о́стрів}} {{IPA|/ˈostriu̯/}}<br>"island"}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Proto-Slavic]] *''g''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɣ/}} || {{IPA|/ɦ/}} || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|голова́}} {{IPA|/ɡɐlɐˈva/}},<br>B. {{wikt-lang|be|галава́}} {{IPA|/ɣalaˈva/}},<br>U. {{wikt-lang|uk|голова́}} {{IPA|/ɦɔlɔˈʋa/}}<br>"head"
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Hardening of final soft [[labial consonant|labials]]
| colspan="2" | no || colspan="3" | yes ||R. {{wikt-lang|ru|степь}} /sʲtʲepʲ/,
B. стэп /stɛp/,
U. {{wikt-lang|uk|степ}} /stɛp/

"steppe"
|-
! scope="row" | Hardening of soft {{IPA|/rʲ/}}
| colspan="3" | no || yes || hardened at the end of a closed syllable and not hardened elsewere ||R. матерь (máter’)
B. Вікторыя (Viktoryja)
U. кобзар (kobzár (nominative case)
кобзаря (kobzar’á (genetive case)
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *''CrьC, ClьC,<br/>CrъC, CrъC''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/rʲe/}}, {{IPA|/lʲe/}},<br/>{{IPA|/ro/}}, {{IPA|/lo/}} || {{IPA|/rɨ/}}, /ro/, {{IPA|/lʲi/}}, {{IPA|/lɨ/}} || {{IPA|/rɪ/}}, {{IPA|/lɪ/}},<br/>{{IPA|/ro/}}, {{IPA|/lo/}}||Protoslavic. ‘*kry (singular accusative case. krьvь);
R. кровь (krov’), кровавый (krovávyj)
B. кроў (kroŭ), крывавы (kryvávy)
U. кров (krov), кривавий (kryvávyj)
”blood, bloody”
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic *-''ъj-'', -''ьj''-
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/oj/}}, {{IPA|/ej/}} || {{IPA|/ɨj/}}, {{IPA|/ij/}} || {{IPA|/ɪj/}} ||
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic adj. end. *''-ьjь''
| {{IPA|/ej/}} || {{IPA|/ij/}},<ref group=n name=chsl>Only unstressed, [[Church Slavonic]] influence</ref> {{IPA|/ej/}} || {{IPA|/ej/}}<ref group=n>Stressed, unstressed is usually reduced to {{IPA|[ʲəj]}}</ref> || {{IPA|/ij/}} || {{IPA|/ɪj/}}, {{IPA|/ij/}} ||
|-
! scope="row" | Proto-Slavic adj. end. *''-ъjь''
| {{IPA|/oj/}} || {{IPA|/ɨj/}},<ref group=n name=chsl/> {{IPA|/oj/}} || {{IPA|/oj/}}<ref group=n>Stressed, unstressed is usually reduced to {{IPA|[əj]}}</ref> || {{IPA|/ɨj/}} || {{IPA|/ɪj/}} ||
|-
! scope="row" | Loss of the vocative case
| no || colspan="3" | yes<ref group=n>In colloquial Russian, new vocative has appeared from a pure stem: мам, пап, Маш, Вань etc.</ref> || no ||
|-
! scope="row" | 3 sg. & pl. pres. ind.
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/t/}} || {{IPA|/tʲ/}} || {{IPA|/t͡sʲ/}} || {{IPA|/tʲ/}} || {{nowrap|R. {{wikt-lang|ru|ду́мают}} {{IPA|/ˈdumajut/}},<br>B. {{lang|be|ду́маюць}} {{IPA|/ˈdumajut͡sʲ/}},<br>Uk. {{lang|uk|ду́мають}} {{IPA|/ˈdumajutʲ/}}<br>"(they) think"}}
|-
! scope="row" | Dropping out<br />of 3 sg. pres. ind. ending (in ''e''-stems)
| colspan="2" | no || colspan="3" | yes ||R. скажет (skážet)
B. скажа (skáža)
U. скаже (skáže)
”(he/she) will say”
|-
! scope="row" | 3 sg. masc. past ind.
| {{IPA|/v~w~u̯/}}<ref group=n>In the dialect of [[Vologda]]</ref> || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/l/}} || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u̯/}}|| R. {{wikt-lang|ru|ду́мал}} {{IPA|/ˈdumal/}},<br>B. {{lang|be|ду́маў}} {{IPA|/ˈdumau̯/}},<br>U. {{lang|uk|ду́мав}} {{IPA|/ˈdumau̯/}}<br>"(he) thought"
|-
! scope="row" | [[Slavic second palatalization|2nd palatalization]] in oblique cases
| colspan="3" | no || colspan="2" | yes || R. {{wikt-lang|ru|рука|руке́}} {{IPA|/ruˈkʲe/}},<br>B. {{wikt-lang|be|рука|руцэ́}} {{IPA|/ruˈt͡se/}},<br>U. {{wikt-lang|uk|рука|руці́}} {{IPA|/ruˈt͡sʲi/}}<br>"hand"<br>([[locative case|locative]] or [[prepositional case]])
|}