Editing East Liverpool, Ohio (section)

===Other businesses===
In 1979, a [[Incineration|toxic waste incinerator]] was proposed in the city's East End neighborhood. Local investors believed the incinerator could be an alternative to the declining ceramics industry.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shevory |first1=Thomas |chapter=Introduction: East Liverpool and the Politics of Power |pages=1–30 |id={{Project MUSE|1278452|type=chapter}} |jstor=10.5749/j.ctttv9zz.4 |title=Toxic Burn: The Grassroots Struggle against the WTI Incinerator |date=2007 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-4852-8 }}</ref> However, the ambiguity regarding its potential impacts on public health and the environment led to protests against its construction. In 1991, a march against the incinerator's construction resulted in 33 people, including actor [[Martin Sheen]], being arrested for trespassing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/10/14/Actor-arrested-in-waste-site-protest/7981687412800/ |title=Actor arrested in waste site protest |publisher=UPI |date=October 14, 1991 |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.enquirer.com/columns/kiese/1999/10/17/jki_for_pacifist_martin.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908045312/http://www.enquirer.com/columns/kiese/1999/10/17/jki_for_pacifist_martin.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 8, 2012 |title=For a pacifist, Martin Sheen plays a pretty good president |date=October 17, 1999 |newspaper=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]}}</ref> Despite a pledge from Vice President [[Al Gore]] that the Clinton administration would prevent the incinerator from opening until its compliance with state and federal regulations was confirmed,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1993/06/22/gore-loses-his-balance/0923762e-6503-4eb5-80ef-01281014751b/ |title=Gore Loses His 'Balance' |author=McCarthy, Coleman |publisher=The Washington Post |date=June 21, 1993 |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref> the plant was completed in 1992 and began operating as Waste Technologies Industries the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2015/8/18/1396318/-Welcome-to-East-Liverpool-Ohio-home-of-one-of-the-world-s-largest-hazardardous-waste-incinerators |title=Welcome to East Liverpool, Ohio, home of one of the world's largest hazardous waste incinerators |author=Vargo, Samuel |publisher=Daily Kos |date=August 18, 2015 |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref> In 2005, the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] declared the area surrounding the incinerator and the S.H. Bell Company's metal facility a "potential [[environmental justice]] area".<ref name=Greene2015/>

In 2008, concerns were raised about toxic particles affecting East Liverpool residents' health, particularly [[manganese]], which was found in high concentrations.<ref name="ATSDR East Liverpool">{{cite web |title=High Levels of Manganese in the East Liverpool air in Ohio |url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/east_liverpool/ |website=Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |date=January 26, 2021 }}</ref> East Liverpool residents were found to have higher than normal levels of manganese, cadmium, and lead in their blood,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Kaitlin Vollet |last2=Sucharew |first2=Heidi |last3=Dietrich |first3=Kim N. |last4=Parsons |first4=Patrick J. |last5=Palmer |first5=Christopher D. |last6=Wright |first6=Robert |last7=Amarasiriwardena |first7=Chitra |last8=Smith |first8=Donald R. |last9=Haynes |first9=Erin N. |title=Co-exposure to manganese and lead and pediatric neurocognition in East Liverpool, Ohio |journal=Environmental Research |date=November 2021 |volume=202 |pages=111644 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2021.111644 |pmid=34246641 |pmc=8578304 |bibcode= 2021ER....20211644M}}</ref> and the community was considered to be in a health crisis due to the presence of these toxic elements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Yangho |last2=Lobdell |first2=Danelle T. |last3=Wright |first3=Chris W. |last4=Gocheva |first4=Vihra V. |last5=Hudgens |first5=Edward |last6=Bowler |first6=Rosemarie M. |title=Blood Metal Concentrations of Manganese, Lead, and Cadmium in Relation to Serum Ferritin Levels in Ohio Residents |journal=Biological Trace Element Research |date=May 2015 |volume=165 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |id={{ProQuest|1671990287}} |doi=10.1007/s12011-014-0223-1 |pmid=25578336 |bibcode=2015BTER..165....1K |s2cid=17844438 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowler |first1=Rosemarie M. |last2=Kornblith |first2=Erica S. |last3=Gocheva |first3=Vihra V. |last4=Colledge |first4=Michelle A. |last5=Bollweg |first5=George |last6=Kim |first6=Yangho |last7=Beseler |first7=Cheryl L. |last8=Wright |first8=Chris W. |last9=Adams |first9=Shane W. |last10=Lobdell |first10=Danelle T. |title=Environmental exposure to manganese in air: Associations with cognitive functions |journal=NeuroToxicology |date=July 2015 |volume=49 |pages=139–148 |doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2015.06.004 |pmid=26096496 |pmc=4803288 |bibcode=2015NeuTx..49..139B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowler |first1=Rosemarie M. |last2=Beseler |first2=Cheryl L. |last3=Gocheva |first3=Vihra V. |last4=Colledge |first4=Michelle |last5=Kornblith |first5=Erica S. |last6=Julian |first6=Jaime R. |last7=Kim |first7=Yangho |last8=Bollweg |first8=George |last9=Lobdell |first9=Danelle T. |title=Environmental exposure to manganese in air: Associations with tremor and motor function |journal=Science of the Total Environment |date=January 2016 |volume=541 |pages=646–654 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.084 |pmid=26437342 |pmc=4803294 |bibcode=2016ScTEn.541..646B }}</ref> Government agencies worked with S.H. Bell Company to decrease the toxic metals being released into the surrounding air and land, and from 2006 to 2013 air quality improved. In 2014, hazardous and toxic particles in air quality assessments increased.<ref>{{cite web |last1=US EPA |first1=REG 05 |title=East Liverpool, Ohio and Glasgow Borough, Pennsylvania– Air Monitoring Data |url=https://www.epa.gov/oh/east-liverpool-ohio-and-glasgow-borough-pennsylvania-air-monitoring-data |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> Activism to reduce the toxic waste began.<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|215338272}} |title=Trump card in the environmental fight: The children |journal=National Catholic Reporter |location=Kansas City |volume=30 |issue=16 |date=February 18, 1994 |pages=36 }}</ref><ref name=Greene2015>{{cite web |last1=Greene |first1=Kristian Winfield, Ronnie |title=Residents of Ohio town see 'environmental justice' as empty promise |url=https://publicintegrity.org/environment/residents-of-ohio-town-see-environmental-justice-as-empty-promise/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |date=August 14, 2015}}</ref>