Editing ECHELON (section)

==Concerns==
[[British people|British]] journalist [[Duncan Campbell (journalist, born 1952)|Duncan Campbell]] and [[New Zealand]] journalist Nicky Hager said in the 1990s that the United States was exploiting ECHELON traffic for [[industrial espionage]], rather than military and diplomatic purposes.<ref name=Hager/> Examples alleged by the journalists include the gear-less wind turbine technology designed by the [[Germany|German]] firm [[Enercon]]<ref name=EP /><ref>Die Zeit: 40/1999 "''Verrat unter Freunden''{{-"}} ("Treachery among friends", German), available at {{cite web|url=http://www.zeit.de/1999/40/199940.nsa_2_.xml |title=Zeit.de |access-date=2007-08-19 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009044725/http://www.zeit.de/1999/40/199940.nsa_2_.xml |archive-date=9 October 2008}}</ref> and the speech technology developed by the [[Belgium|Belgian]] firm [[Lernout & Hauspie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daanspeak.com/Hypocratie09.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208113619/http://www.daanspeak.com/Hypocratie09.html |archive-date=8 February 2012 |date=30 March 2002 |title=Amerikanen maakten met Echelon L&H kapot |access-date=28 March 2008 |publisher=daanspeak.com |url-status=dead}} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=nl&u=http://www.daanspeak.com/Hypocratie09.html&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result Google's translation of the article into English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231090243/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daanspeak.com%2FHypocratie09.html&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result |date=31 December 2018 }}).</ref>

In 2001, the Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System recommended to the [[European Parliament]] that citizens of member states routinely use [[cryptography]] in their communications to protect their privacy, because [[economic espionage]] with ECHELON has been conducted by the US intelligence agencies.<ref name = EP/>

American author [[James Bamford]] provides an alternative view, highlighting that legislation prohibits the use of intercepted communications for commercial purposes, although he does not elaborate on how intercepted communications are used as part of an all-source intelligence process.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The National Security Agency Declassified|url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB24/index.htm|access-date=2020-10-31|website=nsarchive2.gwu.edu|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025173335/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB24/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In its report, the committee of the European Parliament stated categorically that the Echelon network was being used to intercept not only military communications, but also private and business ones. In its epigraph to the report, the parliamentary committee quoted [[Juvenal]], "''Sed quis custodiet ipsos custodes''.{{-"}} ("But who will watch the watchers").<ref name = EP/> James Bamford, in ''The Guardian'' in May 2001, warned that if Echelon were to continue unchecked, it could become a "cyber secret police, without courts, juries, or the right to a defence".<ref>Bustillos, Maria (9 June 2013). [http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2013/06/a-reflection-in-the-nsas-prism.html "Our reflection in the N.S.A.'s PRISM"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014213634/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2013/06/a-reflection-in-the-nsas-prism.html |date=14 October 2013 }}. ''The New Yorker''. Retrieved: 2013-10-12.</ref>

Alleged examples of espionage conducted by the members of the "[[Five Eyes]]" include:

* On behalf of the British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]], the [[Communications Security Establishment]] allegedly spied on two British cabinet ministers in 1983.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thatcher 'spied on ministers'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/655996.stm|publisher=BBC|date=25 February 2000|access-date=15 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021015414/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/655996.stm|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The US National Security Agency spied on and intercepted the phone calls of [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] right up until she died in a [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|Paris car crash with Dodi Fayed]] in 1997. The [[NSA]] currently holds 1,056 pages of classified information about [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Princess Diana]], which has been classified as [[Classified information|top secret]] "because their disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to the [[national security]] ... the damage would be caused not by the information about [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana]], but because the documents would disclose 'sources and methods' of US intelligence gathering".<ref name="Diana01a">{{cite news|first=Vernon|last=Loeb|title=NSA Admits to Spying on Princess Diana|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/dec98/diana12.htm|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=12 December 1998|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109051540/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/dec98/diana12.htm|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> An official said that "the references to Diana in intercepted conversations were 'incidental'," and she was never a 'target' of the NSA eavesdropping.<ref name=Diana01a/>
* UK agents monitored the conversations of the 7th [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]], [[Kofi Annan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=UK 'spied on UN's Kofi Annan'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3488548.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=21 September 2013|date=26 February 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029112154/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3488548.stm|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Patrick E.|last=Tyler|title=Ex-Minister Says British Spies Bugged Kofi Annan's Office|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/26/international/europe/26CND-BRIT.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=21 September 2013|date=26 February 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925063926/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/26/international/europe/26CND-BRIT.html|archive-date=25 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* US agents gathered "detailed biometric information" on the 8th Secretary-General of the United Nations, [[Ban Ki-moon]].<ref name="clintonbankimoon">{{cite web|title=US diplomats spied on UN leadership|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-spying-un|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 November 2010|access-date=27 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910075646/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-spying-un|archive-date=10 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="banspiegel">{{cite news|first1=Marcel|last1=Rosenbach|first2=Holger|last2=Stark|title=Diplomats or Spooks? How US Diplomats Were Told to Spy on UN and Ban Ki-Moon|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/diplomats-or-spooks-how-us-diplomats-were-told-to-spy-on-un-and-ban-ki-moon-a-731747.html|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=29 November 2010|access-date=27 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821031901/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/diplomats-or-spooks-how-us-diplomats-were-told-to-spy-on-un-and-ban-ki-moon-a-731747.html|archive-date=21 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In the early 1990s, the US National Security Agency intercepted the communications between the [[Europe]]an aerospace company [[Airbus]] and the [[Saudi Arabia]]n national airline.  In 1994, [[Airbus]] lost a $6 billion contract with [[Saudi Arabia]] after the NSA, acting as a [[whistleblower]], reported that [[Airbus]] officials had been bribing [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] officials to secure the contract.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/820758.stm |title=Echelon: Big brother without a cause |access-date=27 August 2006 |date=6 July 2000 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107065132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/820758.stm |archive-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, the American aerospace company [[McDonnell Douglas]] (now part of [[Boeing]]) won the multibillion-dollar contract instead of [[Airbus]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Airbus's secret past|url=http://www.economist.com/node/1842124|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|access-date=15 October 2013|date=14 June 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021194132/http://www.economist.com/node/1842124|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The United States defense contractor [[Raytheon]] won a US$1.3 billion contract with the [[Government of Brazil]] to monitor the [[Amazon rainforest]] after the US [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), acting as a [[whistleblower]], reported that Raytheon's [[France|French]] competitor [[Thomson-Alcatel]] had been paying bribes to get the contract.<ref>{{cite web|title=Big Surveillance Project For the Amazon Jungle Teeters Over Scandals|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1996/0125/25071.html/%28page%29/2|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=15 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225107/http://www.csmonitor.com/1996/0125/25071.html/(page)/2|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In order to boost the United States position in trade negotiations with the then [[Japan|Japanese]] Trade Minister [[Ryutaro Hashimoto]], in 1995 the [[CIA]] eavesdropped on the conversations between Japanese bureaucrats and executives of car manufacturers [[Toyota]] and [[Nissan]].<ref>{{cite news|author=David E. Sanger and Tim Weiner|title=Emerging Role For the C.I.A.: Economic Spy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/15/world/emerging-role-for-the-cia-economic-spy.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=15 October 2013|date=15 October 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710032224/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/15/world/emerging-role-for-the-cia-economic-spy.html|archive-date=10 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>