Editing Downwelling (section)

=== Langmuir circulation ===
[[Langmuir circulation]] develops from the wind, which, through Ekman transport, creates alternating zones of convergence and divergence at the ocean surface. In convergent zones, marked by long strips of floating debris accumulation, such as the [[Great Pacific Garbage Patch]], coherent vortices transport surface waters to the base of the mixed layer develop. Also, direct wind stirring and current [[Shear stress|shear]] at the base of the mixed layer can create instabilities and [[turbulence]] that further mix properties within and at the base.<ref>{{Citation |last=Foltz |first=Gregory R. |title=Wind- and Buoyancy-Forced Upper Ocean |date=2019 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11336-3 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences |pages=113–121 |access-date=2023-11-26 |publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11336-3 |isbn=9780128130827 |s2cid=232350491 }}</ref>