Editing Dog breed (section)

==Breeds==
{{Main article|List of dog breeds}}
{{further|Dog breeding}}

===Pure breeds===
[[File:Big and little dog 1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Chihuahua (dog)|Chihuahua]] [[mixed-breed dog|mix]] and purebred [[Great Dane]] ]]

====Kennel clubs====
Groups of owners that have dogs of the same breed and have an interest in [[dog breeding]] can form national [[Kennel clubs]]. Kennel Clubs maintain [[breed standard]]s, record [[Pedigree (dog)|pedigree]]s in a [[breed registry]] (or studbook), and issue the rules for [[conformation dog show]]s and trials and accreditation of judges. They often serve as [[breed registry|registries]], which are lists of adult [[purebred]] dogs and lists of litters of puppies born to purebred parents.

A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations. Dogs of same [[breed]] have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics.<ref name="{{ISBN|0764573020}}">{{cite book |author1=Donna L. Morden |author2=Seranne, Ann |author3=Wendell J. Sammet |author4=Gasow, Julia |title=The joy of breeding your own show dog |publisher=Howell Book House |location=New York, N.Y |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7645-7302-6 }}</ref> Dogs of a specific breed [[breed true]], producing young that are very similar to their parents. An individual dog is identified as a member of a breed through proof of ancestry, using genetic analysis or written records of ancestry. Without such proof, identification of a specific breed is not reliable.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.grapevine.net/~wolf2dog/review.htm |title= The New Breed Of Municipal Dog Control Laws:Are They Constitutional? |author= Lynn Marmer |year= 1984 |work= first published in the University of Cincinnati Law Review |quote=  The court found it was impossible to identify the breed of an unregistered dog. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000926031554/http://www.grapevine.net/~wolf2dog/review.htm |archive-date=2000-09-26 |access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> Such records, called [[stud book]]s, may be maintained by individuals, clubs, or other organizations.

Kennel clubs provide the recognition of distinct dog breeds, but there are many independent clubs with differing, and sometimes inconsistent standards and they need not apply scientific standards. Four varieties of the [[Belgian Shepherd Dog]] are recognised as four distinct breeds by the [[New Zealand Kennel Club]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nzkc.org.nz/pdf/breed_groups/working_standard.pdf | title=Standards of the Breeds: Group 5 – Working | publisher=New Zealand Kennel Club}}</ref> Further, some groups of dogs which clearly share a persistent set of characteristics and documented descent from a known foundation stock may still not be recognized by some clubs as breeds. For instance, the [[Feist (dog)|feist]] is a hunting dog raised in the [[Southern United States]] for hunting small game. Feists have a consistent set of characteristics that reliably differentiate them from other [[dog type]]s and breeds. However, the [[United Kennel Club]] recognizes one breed of feist, the [[Treeing Feist]], while the [[American Kennel Club]] does not recognize any feist breed.

A dog is said to be [[purebred]] if their parents were purebred and if the dog meets the standards of the breed. The American Kennel Club allows [[mixed-breed dog]]s to be shown but under the condition the animals have been spayed or neutered, are not a wolf hybrid, and not eligible for the AKC Foundation Stock Service Program or an AKC Purebred Alternative Listing (PAL).<ref name="AKC-Mixed">{{cite web | title=Get Started – Register Your Mixed Breed Dog With AKC Canine Partners | website=American Kennel Club | date=2019-07-28 | url=https://www.akc.org/register/information/canine-partners/get-started/ | access-date=2019-08-09}}</ref> 

In Canada, the ''Animal Pedigree Act'' lays out strict standards for the documenting of what it calls "evolving breeds".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/a-11.2/FullText.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726205721/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/A-11.2/FullText.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2012 |title=Animal Pedigree Act 1985 |access-date=9 April 2008 |work=Department of Justice, Canada }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-02-24 |title=Secretary's manual (page 1 of 9) |url=http://agriculture.canada.ca/en/sector/animal-industry/animal-genetics/resources-related-animal-pedigree-act/secretarys-manual}}</ref>

====Breed standards====
The [[Breed standard (dogs)|breed standard]] for each breed of dog is a detailed description of the appearance and behaviour of an idealized dog of that breed.<ref>[http://www.akc.org/about/glossary.cfm American Kennel Club Glossary]</ref> Included in the breed standard description are externally observable aspects of appearance and behaviour that are considered by the breed club to be the most important for the breed, and externally observable details of appearance or temperament that are considered by the breed club to be unacceptable (called ''[[Fault (dog)|faults]]''). In addition, most breed standards include a historical section, describing the place of origin and the original work done by the breed or its ancestor [[Dog type|types]].

====Major registries====
Dogs with a breed standard may be accepted into one or more of the major registries ([[kennel club]]s) of dog breeds, including [[The Kennel Club]] (1873, UK), [[American Kennel Club]] (1884), [[New Zealand Kennel Club]] (1886), [[Canadian Kennel Club]] (1888), [[United Kennel Club]] (1898), United Kennel Clubs International (UCI, Germany 1976), [[Australian National Kennel Council]] (1958), and other national breed registries. Recognized dog breeds are classified by [[Breed groups (dog)|groups]], such as Hound, Terrier, Working, Herding, Sporting, Non-Sporting, Toy and Miscellaneous; some groups may be further subdivided by some registries.<ref name="AKC-Groups">{{cite web | title=List of Breeds by Group – American Kennel Club | website=American Kennel Club | date=2019-01-02 | url=https://www.akc.org/public-education/resources/general-tips-information/dog-breeds-sorted-groups/ | access-date=2019-08-09}}</ref>  Some breeds are managed by independent organizations, e.g. [[border collies]] by the [[International Sheep Dog Society]] (ISDS).

[[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] (FCI) is neither a breed registry nor does it issue pedigrees or keep addresses for breeders.<ref name=" FCI activities ">{{cite web | title=Main activities of the FCI Secretariat | website= Fédération Cynologique Internationale | url=http://www.fci.be/en/Main-activities-of-the-FCI-Secretariat-3.html | ref={{sfnref | Fédération Cynologique Internationale }} | access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> It is a global canine organization with member and contract partners (one member per country) that conduct international conformation shows, working/hunting/herding trials, and various other events. The results are submitted to FCI for processing, approval and international recognition. Each of the member and contract partners issue and maintain their own pedigrees and respective breed standards, and train their own judges. FCI ensures that each member mutually recognizes the pedigrees and judges of all FCI members.<ref name=" FCI-Org ">{{cite web | title=Presentation of our organisation | website= Fédération Cynologique Internationale | url=http://www.fci.be/en/Presentation-of-our-organisation-4.html | ref={{sfnref | Fédération Cynologique Internationale }} | access-date=2022-03-17}}</ref>

==== Health issues ====
Purebred dogs have more health problems than [[mongrel]] dogs, and require more veterinary visits,<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Egenvall
| first1 = A.
| last2 = Hedhammar
| first2 = A.
| last3 = Bonnett
| first3 = B. N.
| last4 = Olson
| first4 = P.
| date = 2000-04-29
| title = Gender, age, breed and distribution of morbidity and mortality in insured dogs in Sweden during 1995 and 1996
| url = http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/146/18/519
| journal = Veterinary Record
| language = en
| volume = 146
| issue = 18
| pages = 519–525
| doi = 10.1136/vr.146.18.519
| issn = 2042-7670
| pmid = 11321213
| s2cid = 24303176
}}</ref> and tend to have lower longevity.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Bonnett
| first1 = B. N.
| last2 = Egenvall
| first2 = A.
| last3 = Olson
| first3 = P.
| last4 = Hedhammar
| first4 = Å
| date = 1997-07-12
| title = Mortality in insured Swedish dogs: rates and causes of death in various breeds
| url = http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/141/2/40
| journal = Veterinary Record
| language = en
| volume = 141
| issue = 2
| pages = 40–44
| doi = 10.1136/vr.141.2.40
| issn = 2042-7670
| pmid = 9253830
| s2cid = 9721674
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Proschowsky
| first1 = Helle Friis
| last2 = Rugbjerg
| first2 = Helene
| last3 = Ersbøll
| first3 = Annette Kjær
| date = 2003-04-30
| title = Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in Denmark
| journal = Preventive Veterinary Medicine
| volume = 58
| issue = 1–2
| pages = 63–74
| doi = 10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00010-2
| pmid=12628771
}}</ref> Indeed, studies have reported lifespans that are shorter by between one and almost two years.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = O’Neill
| first1 = D. G.
| last2 = Church
| first2 = D. B.
| last3 = McGreevy
| first3 = P. D.
| last4 = Thomson
| first4 = P. C.
| last5 = Brodbelt
| first5 = D. C.
| date = 2013-12-01
| title = Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England
| journal = The Veterinary Journal
| volume = 198
| issue = 3
| pages = 638–643
| doi = 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020
| pmid=24206631
| url = https://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/7826/1/7826.pdf
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Patronek
| first1 = Gary J.
| last2 = Waters
| first2 = David J.
| last3 = Glickman
| first3 = Lawrence T.
| date = 1997-05-01
| title = Comparative Longevity of Pet Dogs and Humans: Implications for Gerontology Research
| journal = The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
| language = en
| volume = 52A
| issue = 3
| pages = B171–B178
| doi = 10.1093/gerona/52A.3.B171
| issn = 1079-5006
| pmid = 9158552
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>
Notably, dog breeds with flat faces and short noses have breathing difficulties,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/video_and_audio/headlines/37427887 How fashion has left this dog gasping for air]</ref> eye trouble and other health issues.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37423040 Vets warn people against buying 'flat-faced' dogs]</ref>

====List of pure breeds====
:''Refer: [[List of dog breeds]]''
The Fédération Cynologique Internationale is a global organisation with 98 members and contract partners (one member per country) that recognize 356 purebreds.<ref name=" FCI-Org ">{{cite web | title=Presentation of our organisation | website= Fédération Cynologique Internationale | url=http://www.fci.be/en/Presentation-of-our-organisation-4.html | ref={{sfnref | Fédération Cynologique Internationale }} | access-date=2022-03-17}}</ref>

===Cross-breeds===
{{main|Dog crossbreed}}
{{See also|List of dog crossbreeds}}

A [[dog crossbreed]] is the result of mating two different breeds.<ref>{{cite web|title=cross-breed|work=Oxford Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cross-breed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717215401/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cross-breed|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> "Designer Dog" became a fad in the late 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/designer-dog-breeds|title=VCA Hospitals|last=Buzhardt|first=Lynn|date=2016|website=VCA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.showqualitydogs.com/indian-dog-breeds/best-dog-breeds-in-indian-climate/|title=Show Quality Dogs |date=2020|website=show quality dogs}}</ref> Dog crossbreeds are combinations of lineages of the [[domestic dog]]; they are distinguished from [[Canid hybrid|canid hybrids]], which are interspecific crosses between ''Canis'' species (wolves, coyotes, jackals, etc.). Notable canid hybrids include the [[coydog]], [[coywolf]], [[dingo–dog hybrid]], [[jackal–dog hybrid]], and [[wolfdog]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bennett |first=Laura |date=December 10, 2007 |title=Pet Industry Trends for 2008 |url=http://www.smallbiztrends.com/2007/12/pet-industry-trends-for-2008.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704210718/http://www.smallbiztrends.com/2007/12/pet-industry-trends-for-2008.html |archive-date=4 July 2008 |website=smallbiztrends.com |quote=2008 will see the rapid growth of the puppy farm [[crossbreed]]s to take advantage of the inflated prices people are paying for these dogs.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Patterson |first=Melissa |date=July 23, 2008 |title=Not all cute and cuddly in land of 'designer dogs,' |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chicago/chi-hybrid-dogs-23-jul23,0,1726044.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006151823/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chicago/chi-hybrid-dogs-23-jul23,0,1726044.story |archive-date=6 October 2008 |quote=[crossbreed designer dog puppies] often go for more money than purebreds, which can range from $200 to $2,000 per dog.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Caesar |first=Ed |date=8 March 2007 |title=Hounded out: Fur and loathing in the dog world |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/hounded-out-fur-and-loathing-in-the-dog-world-439360.html |quote=the stampede to acquire one (designer dog) has become so furious that puppies now sell for as much as £2,000.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Designer Dogs are the Rage |url=http://www.designerdoggies.com/Hybridsinthenews.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704210718/http://www.designerdoggies.com/Hybridsinthenews.html |archive-date=4 July 2008 |website=designerdoggies.com |quote=the Beagle is one of the lowest priced purebred dogs, yet the Puggle often sells for much more than the purebred Pug.}}</ref>

&nbsp; Historically, crosses between dogs of different types were more well accepted at a time when modern purebred breeds (based on the [[eugenics]] principles) did not yet exist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brandow |first=Michael |url=https://dogcutieshq.com/ |title=Dogcutieshq |date=2015 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=9780807033432 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=John Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/doginhealthandd00walsgoog |title=The dog, in health and disease, by Stonehenge |date=1859 |language=en}}</ref> Some crossbred dogs, created by breeding two purebred dogs of different breeds, may have the advantage of [[heterosis]], or crossbreed vigor. This advantage can be progressively diluted when two crossbreeds are bred in the attempt to create a breed, narrowing the gene pool. The best way to continue taking advantage of crossbreed vigor is from the breeding of dogs of purebred ancestry, as this vigor is typically seen only in the first generation cross of two purebred animals of separate breeds, thus taking advantage of [[genetic diversity]].

<ref name="Csányi">{{cite book |last=Csányi |first=Vilmos |title=If Dogs Could Talk |date=2005 |publisher=North Point Press |isbn=978-0-86547-686-8 |edition=First American |location=New York |pages=285–286 |translator=Richard E. Quandt}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Birchler |first1=James A. |last2=Yao |first2=Hong |last3=Chudalayandi |first3=Sivanandan |date=29 August 2006 |title=Unraveling the genetic basis of hybrid vigor |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=103 |issue=35 |pages=12957–12958 |bibcode=2006PNAS..10312957B |doi=10.1073/pnas.0605627103 |pmc=1559732 |pmid=16938847 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Mixed-breeds===

{{main|Mongrel}}

A mongrel, mixed-breed dog or mutt is a [[dog]] that does not belong to one officially recognized breed but can be a mix of two breeds and is not the result of intentional [[dog breeding|breeding]].<ref name="Ultimate Morris">{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Desmond|title=Dogs: The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds|year=2008|publisher=Tralfalgar Square|location=Vermont|isbn=978-1-57076-410-3|pages=696–697|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjG-LAAACAAJ|edition=First Paperback|chapter=Feral dogs|quote=The mongrel is not a true breed, but it is certainly a common category of domestic dog. It has been estimated that, worldwide, there are 150 million of them."}}</ref>

In the United States, the term ''mixed-breed'' is a favored synonym over ''mongrel'' among individuals who wish to avoid negative [[Connotation|connotations]] associated with the latter term.<ref>{{cite book |last=Witiak |first=Dr. Gene |title=True Confessions of a Veterinarian |publisher=Glenbridge Publishing Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-944435-54-0 |page=11 |quote=Canines of unknown lineage used to be termed mongrels—how demeaning! Over time, the term 'mixed breed' was preferred.}}</ref> The implication that such dogs must be a mix of defined breeds may stem from an inverted understanding of the origins of dog breeds. Purebred dogs have been, for the most part, artificially created from random-bred populations by human selective breeding with the purpose of enhancing desired physical, behavioral, or temperamental characteristics. Dogs that are not ''purebred'' are not necessarily a mix of such defined breeds.<ref name="Budiansky">{{Cite book |last=Budiansky |first=Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/truthaboutdogsin00budi/page/35 |title=The Truth About Dogs; an Inquiry into the Ancestry, Social Conventions, Mental Habits, and Moral Fiber of Canis familiaris |date=2000 |publisher=Viking Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-89272-3 |location=New York |page=35}}</ref> Therefore, among some experts and [[Fan (person)|fans]] of such dogs, ''mongrel'' is still the preferred term.<ref>{{cite book |last=Riddle |first=Maxwell |title=Lovable Mongrel |date=1954 |publisher=All-Pets}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Jilly |title=Intelligent and Loyal, a Celebration of the Mongrel |date=1981 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Patmore |first=Angela |title=The Mongrel |date=1985 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=Kay |title=Book of the Mongrel |date=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins}}</ref>

===Natural breeds===
:''See further: [[Landrace#Dogs|Landraces]]''
[[Landrace#Dogs|Natural breeds]] rose through time in response to a particular environment and in isolation from other populations of the species.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sponenberg |first=D. Phillip |chapter=Genetic Resources and Their Conservation |pages=392–393 |editor1-last=Bowling|editor1-first=Ann T. |editor2-last=Ruvinsky |editor2-first=Anatoly |title=The Genetics of the Horse |date=May 18, 2000 |publisher=CABI Publishing |location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-0-85199-429-1 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL3A097IbjsC&q=Landrace+horses&pg=PA392 |access-date=September 28, 2014}}</ref> This environment included humans but with little or no [[dog breeding|selective breeding by humans]].<ref>Coppinger, Raymond & Lorna Coppinger. ''Dogs''. Scribner 2001, {{ISBN|0-684-85530-5}}, Chapter 3, "Natural Breeds", p. 85. "Natural breeds can arise locally with no human interaction"</ref>