Editing Dhaka (section)

===Metropolitan Dhaka===
[[File:Time-lapse of the urban growth of Dhaka, Bangladesh as seen from space (1972 to 2001).webm|thumb|NASA animation showing the urban growth of Dhaka from 1972 to 2001.]]
[[File:Motijheel, Dhaka, 1980s.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Dhaka's main CBD in the 1980s]]
[[File:Gulshan, Dhaka, 1980s.jpg|thumb|A suburban residential neighbourhood in the 1980s]]
The development of the "real city" began after the [[partition of India]].<ref name="himalmag1" /> After partition, Dhaka became known as the ''second capital'' of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="himalmag1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2018 |title=How politics and architecture blended in Dhaka |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/opinion/the-grudging-urbanist/how-politics-and-architecture-blended-dhaka-1623103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164532/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/opinion/the-grudging-urbanist/how-politics-and-architecture-blended-dhaka-1623103 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=The Daily Star |type=Opinion}}</ref> This was formalized in 1962 when [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] declared the city as the legislative capital under the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|1962 constitution]]. New neighbourhoods began to spring up in formerly barren and agrarian areas. These included [[Dhanmondi Thana|Dhanmondi]] (rice granary), Katabon (thorn forest), Kathalbagan (jackfruit garden), [[Kalabagan]] (banana garden), [[Segunbagicha]] (teak garden) and [[Gulshan Thana|Gulshan]] (flower garden).<ref name="himalmag1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=পুরান ঢাকার সাতসতেরো |url=https://www.sonalinews.com/feature/news/114285 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=সোনালী নিউজ |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501132638/https://www.sonalinews.com/feature/news/114285 |url-status=live }}</ref> Living standards rapidly improved from the pre-partition standards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=K. Anis |date=16 August 2017 |title=Opinion &#124; Why do Bangladeshis Seem Indifferent to Partition? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/16/opinion/bangladesh-bengali-muslims-partition.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829170711/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/16/opinion/bangladesh-bengali-muslims-partition.html |archive-date=29 August 2017 |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The economy began to industrialize. On the outskirts of the city, the [[Adamjee Jute Mills|world's largest jute mill]] was built. The mill produced jute goods which were in high demand during the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unthreading Partition: The politics of jute sharing between two Bengals |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/unthreading-partition-the-politics-jute-sharing-between-two-bengals-1778560 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106084737/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/unthreading-partition-the-politics-jute-sharing-between-two-bengals-1778560 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> People began building duplex houses. In 1961, [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip]] witnessed the improved living standards of Dhaka's residents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2018 |title=Queen Elizabeth II in Bangladesh (1961) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_sS-WU9yWc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164532/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_sS-WU9yWc&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The [[InterContinental Dhaka|Intercontinental hotel]], designed by [[William B. Tabler]], was opened in 1966. Estonian-American architect [[Louis I. Kahn]] was enlisted to design the Dhaka Assembly, which was originally intended to be the federal parliament of Pakistan and later became independent Bangladesh's parliament. The [[East Pakistan Helicopter Service]] connected the city to regional towns.

The [[Dhaka Stock Exchange]] was opened on 28 April 1954. The first local airline [[Orient Airways]] began flights between Dhaka and [[Karachi]] on 6 June 1954. The [[RAJUK|Dhaka Improvement Trust]] was established in 1956 to coordinate the city's development. The first master plan for the city was drawn up in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part II: Formulation of Urban and Transport Plan |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11996774_06.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084236/http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11996774_06.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2018 |access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> The [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] established a medical research centre (now called [[ICDDR,B]]) in the city in 1960.

The early period of political turbulence was seen between 1947 and 1952, particularly the [[Bengali Language Movement]]. From the mid-1960s, the [[Awami League]]'s 6-point autonomy demands began giving rise to pro-independence aspirations across [[East Pakistan]]. In 1969, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] was released from prison amid a mass upsurge which led to the resignation of Ayub Khan in 1970. The city had an influential press with prominent newspapers like the ''[[The Bangladesh Observer|Pakistan Observer]]'', ''[[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]],'' ''[[Forum (Bangladesh)|Forum]]'', and the ''[[Weekly Holiday]]''. During the political and constitutional crisis in 1971, the [[military junta]] led by [[Yahya Khan]] refused to transfer power to the newly elected National Assembly, causing mass riots, civil disobedience, and a movement for [[self-determination]]. On 7 March 1971, [[Awami League]] leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman addressed a massive public gathering at the [[Suhrawardy Udyan|Ramna Race Course Maidan]] in Dhaka, in which he warned of an independence struggle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |url=http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/culture/people-of-bangladesh/sheikh-mujibur-rahman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216193211/http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/culture/people-of-bangladesh/sheikh-mujibur-rahman/ |archive-date=16 February 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015 |publisher=Virtual Bangladesh}}</ref><ref name="Richards2003">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=John |date=July–September 2003 |title=Calcutta and Dhaka: A Tale of Two Cities |url=http://www.cdrb.org/journal/2003/3/3.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=49–57 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216201250/http://www.cdrb.org/journal/2003/3/3.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2015 |access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref> Subsequently, East Pakistan came under a [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|non-co-operation]] movement against the Pakistani state. On Pakistan's Republic Day (23 March 1971), [[Flag of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi flags]] were hoisted throughout Dhaka in a show of resistance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thorpe |first=Edgar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9OyQ9mEpxkC&pg=SL1-PA125 |title=The Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2012 |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-317-6190-8 |page=A.125 |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118102206/https://books.google.com/books?id=I9OyQ9mEpxkC&pg=SL1-PA125&lpg=SL1-PA125&q=23+march+1971+republic+day+east+pakistan |archive-date=18 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 25 March 1971, the [[Pakistan Army]] launched military operations under [[Operation Searchlight]] against the population of East Pakistan.<ref name="books.google.com.bd">{{Cite book |last=Jahan |first=Rounaq |author-link=Rounaq Jahan |title=Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-87191-4 |editor-last=Totten |editor-first=Samuel |edition=4th |page=254 |chapter=Genocide in Bangladesh |access-date=18 February 2015 |editor-last2=Parsons |editor-first2=William Spencer |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XYp-z5aP4MC&pg=PA254}}</ref> Dhaka bore the brunt of the army's atrocities, witnessing a [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|genocide]] and a campaign of wide-scale repression, with the arrest, torture, and murder of the city's civilians, students, [[intelligentsia]], political activists and religious minorities. The army faced [[mutiny|mutinies]] from the [[East Pakistan Rifles]] and the Bengali police.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nandi |first=Bibhuti Bhusan |title=Science, Technology, Imperialism, and War |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-317-0851-4 |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=Jyoti Bhusan Das |page=732 |chapter=Low-Intensity War |access-date=18 February 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJuM4FylchwC&pg=PA732}}</ref> Large parts of the city were burnt and destroyed, including Hindu neighbourhoods.<ref name="books.google.com.bd" /> Much of the city's population was either displaced or forced to flee to the countryside.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2014 |title=Fall of Dhaka: Memories of a bloody December – Pakistan |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151151 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130124156/http://www.dawn.com/news/1151151 |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015 |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan}}</ref> Dhaka was struck with numerous air raids by the [[Indian Air Force]] in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|December]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salik |first=Siddiq |author-link=Siddique Salik |title=Witness to Surrender |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1977 |isbn=0-19-577257-1 |page=195}}</ref> The Pakistan Eastern Command [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|surrendered]] to Lt. Gen. [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] at the [[Ramna Race Course]] in Dhaka on 16 December 1971.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacob |first=J. F. R. |author-link=J. F. R. Jacob |title=Surrender at Dacca: Birth of a Nation |publisher=Manohar |year=1997 |isbn=81-7304-189-X |pages=146–147}}</ref>

After independence, Dhaka's population grew from several hundred thousand to several million in five decades. Dhaka was declared the national capital by the [[Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]] in 1972. The post-independence period witnessed rapid growth as Dhaka attracted migrant workers from across rural [[Bangladesh]]. 60% of population growth has been due to rural migration.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} The city endured [[socialist]] unrest in the early 1970s, followed by a few years of [[martial law]]. The stock exchange and [[free market]] were restored in the late 1970s. In the 1980s, Dhaka saw the inauguration of the [[Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban|National Parliament House]] (which won the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]]), a new [[Dhaka Airport|international airport]] and the [[Bangladesh National Museum]]. Bangladesh pioneered the formation of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) and hosted its first summit in Dhaka in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka Declaration |url=http://www.saarc-sec.org/userfiles/01-Dhaka-1stSummit1985.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607131812/http://www.saarc-sec.org/userfiles/01-Dhaka-1stSummit1985.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> A mass uprising in 1990 led to the return of [[parliamentary democracy]]. Dhaka hosted a trilateral summit between India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh in 1998;<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Habib |first=Haroon |date=24 January 1998 |title=An economic initiative |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1502/15020520.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118102213/https://frontline.thehindu.com/magazine/issue/vol15-02/ |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=11 February 2018 |magazine=Frontline}}</ref> the summit of the [[D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation]] in 1999 and conferences of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], SAARC, the OIC and [[United Nations]] agencies during various years.

In the 1990s and 2000s, Dhaka experienced improved economic growth and the emergence of affluent business districts and satellite towns.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Shahadat |date=January 2008 |title=Rapid Urban Growth and Poverty in Dhaka City |url=http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/BEJS%205.1%20Rapid%20Urban%20Growth%20and%20Poverty%20final.pdf?q=dhaka |url-status=live |journal=Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology |volume=5 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818115752/http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/BEJS%205.1%20Rapid%20Urban%20Growth%20and%20Poverty%20final.pdf?q=dhaka |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> Between 1990 and 2005, the city's population doubled from 6&nbsp;million to 12&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka: fastest growing megacity in the world |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2010-09-08/dhaka-fastest-growing-megacity-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119194102/https://theworld.org/stories/2010-09-08/dhaka-fastest-growing-megacity-world |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=The World from PRX |date=2 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref> There has been increased [[Foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] in the city, particularly in the financial and textile manufacturing sectors. Between 2008 and 2011, the [[government of Bangladesh]] organized three years of celebrations to mark 400 years since Dhaka's founding as an early modern city.<ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref name="voabangla.com" /><ref name="ReferenceC" /> But frequent [[hartal]]s by political parties have greatly hampered the city's economy.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.un-bd.org/Docs/Publication/Beyond%20Hartals.pdf |title=Beyond Hartals: Towards Democratic Dialogue in Bangladesh |date=March 2005 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Bangladesh |isbn=984-32-1424-2 |access-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305063333/http://www.un-bd.org/Docs/Publication/Beyond%20Hartals.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The hartal rate has declined since 2014. In some years, the city experienced a widespread [[flash flood]] during the monsoon.

Dhaka is one of the fastest-growing megacities in the world.<ref name="content.time.com">{{Cite magazine |last=Carbone |first=Nick |date=26 October 2011 |title=The 10 Fastest-Growing Cities of Tomorrow: 2. Dhaka, Bangladesh |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097720_2097718_2097713,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708134803/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097720_2097718_2097713,00.html |archive-date=8 July 2017 |access-date=19 January 2022 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |issn=0040-781X}}</ref> It is predicted to be one of the world's largest cities by 2025, along with [[Tokyo]], [[Mexico City]], [[Shanghai]], [[Beijing]] and [[New York City]].<ref name="CBSN">{{Cite news |title=Dhaka, Bangladesh: Fastest Growing City in the World |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dhaka-bangladesh-fastest-growing-city-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105225/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dhaka-bangladesh-fastest-growing-city-in-the-world/ |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=22 February 2019 |work=CBS News}}</ref> Most of its population are rural migrants, including [[climate refugees]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Short City Profile on Dhaka City: Adaptation Issues for Climate Change?? |url=http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/fileadmin/sites/resilient-cities/files/docs/B4-Bonn2010-Hamidul.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211112/http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/fileadmin/sites/resilient-cities/files/docs/B4-Bonn2010-Hamidul.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> [[Traffic congestion|Congestion]] is one of the most prominent features of modern Dhaka. In 2014, it was reported that only 7% of the city was covered by roads.<ref name="TNR">{{Cite magazine |title=Welcome to the Traffic Capital of the World |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/118416/what-dhaka-bangladesh-traffic-capital-world-can-teach-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917143131/https://newrepublic.com/article/118416/what-dhaka-bangladesh-traffic-capital-world-can-teach-us |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=22 February 2019 |magazine=The New Republic}}</ref> The first phase of [[Dhaka Metro Rail]] from [[Uttara (town)|Uttara]] to [[Agargaon]] was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]] [[Sheikh Hasina]] on 28 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-28 |title=PM opens country's first metro rail |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/special-events/dhaka-metro-rail-opening/news/pm-opens-countrys-first-metro-rail-3207081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230115043453/https://www.thedailystar.net/special-events/dhaka-metro-rail-opening/news/pm-opens-countrys-first-metro-rail-3207081 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |access-date=2023-01-15 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> However, nearly one third of Dhaka's population lives in [[slum]]s, as of 2016.<ref name=":1" /> The city's main river, the [[Buriganga River]], has become one of the most polluted rivers in the country.<ref name="Majumder 2009" /><ref name="the Guardian 2015" />