Editing David Livingstone (section)

===The Nile===
In January 1866, Livingstone returned to Africa, this time to [[Zanzibar]], and from there he set out to seek the source of the [[Nile]]. [[Richard Francis Burton]], [[John Hanning Speke]], and [[Samuel Baker]] had identified either [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]] or [[Lake Victoria]] as the source (which was partially correct, as the Nile "bubbles from the ground high in the mountains of [[Burundi]] halfway between [[Lake Tanganyika]] and [[Lake Victoria]]"{{Sfn|Dugard||2012|p=384}}), but there was still serious debate on the matter. Livingstone believed that the source was farther south and assembled a team to find it consisting of freed slaves, [[Comoros]] Islanders, twelve [[Sepoy]]s, and two servants from his previous expedition, [[Chuma and Susi]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

[[File:Livingstone House, Mikindani, Tanzania.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|This house in Mikindani in southern Tanzania was the starting point for Livingstone's last expedition. He stayed here from 24 March to 7 April 1866.]]
Livingstone set out from the mouth of the Ruvuma river, but his assistants gradually began deserting him. The Comoros Islanders had returned to Zanzibar and (falsely) informed authorities that Livingstone had died. He reached [[Lake Malawi]] on 6 August, by which time most of his supplies had been stolen, including all his medicines. Livingstone then travelled through swamps in the direction of Lake Tanganyika, with his health declining. He sent a message to Zanzibar requesting that supplies be sent to [[Ujiji]] and he then headed west, forced by ill health to travel with slave traders. He arrived at [[Lake Mweru]] on 8 November 1867 and continued on, travelling south to become the first European to see [[Lake Bangweulu]]. Upon finding the [[Lualaba River]], Livingstone theorised that it could have been the high part of the [[Nile]]; but realised that it in fact flowed into the [[River Congo]] at [[River Congo|Upper Congo Lake]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Livingstone |first1=David |title=Personal Letter to J. Kirk or R. Playfair |url=http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/view/transcript.php?id=LETT2200 |website=David Livingstone Online |access-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221195004/http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/view/transcript.php?id=LETT2200 |archive-date=21 December 2014 }}</ref>

The year 1869 began with Livingstone finding himself extremely ill while in the jungle. He was saved by Arab traders who gave him medicines and carried him to an Arab outpost.{{sfn|Livingstone|1874|p=}}

On 15 July 1871,<ref>{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David|editor-first=Adrian S.|editor-last=Wisnicki|title=Livingstone's 1871 Field Diary: A Multispectral Critical Edition|url=http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary|year=2011|publisher=UCLA Library|access-date=11 November 2011|archive-date=4 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504101329/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Livingstone recorded in his field diary his immediate impressions as he witnessed around 400 Africans being massacred by Arab slavers at the [[Nyangwe]] market on the banks of the [[Lualaba River]], while he was watching next to the leading Arab trader Dugumbe who had given him assistance.{{sfn|Jeal|1973|pp=331–335}}<ref name="Wisnicki 2011">{{Cite web |title=Livingstone in 1871 |last=Wisnicki |first=Adrian S. |work=livingstoneonline.org |date=2011 |access-date=25 April 2019 |url= http://www.livingstoneonline.org/spectral-imaging/livingstone-in-1871 }}</ref>

The cause behind this attack is stated to be retaliation for actions of Manilla, the head slave who had sacked villages of Mohombo people at the instigation of the Wagenya chieftain Kimburu. The Arabs attacked the shoppers and Kimburu's people.{{sfn|Jeal|1973|pp=331–335}}<ref name="Wisnicki 2011" />

Researchers from the [[Indiana University of Pennsylvania]] who scanned Livingstone's diary suggest that in putting his fragmentary notes about the massacre into the narrative of his journal, he left out his concerns about some of his followers, slaves owned by [[Banyan merchants]] who had been hired by [[John Kirk (explorer)|John Kirk]], acting consul at Zanzibar, and sent to get Livingstone to safety. These slaves had been liberated and added to his party, but had shown violent conduct against local people contrary to his instructions, and he feared they might have been involved in starting the massacre. His diary noted "Dugumbe's men murdering Kimburu and another for slaves" and implied that the slave Manilla played a leading part, but looking back at the events, he says Dugumbé's people bore responsibility, and started it to make an example of Manilla. In the diary he described his sending his men with protection of a flag to assist Manilla's brother. In his journal version it was to assist villagers. The version edited by Waller in the "Last Journals", published in 1874, left out the context of Livingstone's earlier comments about Kirk and bad behaviour of the hired Banyan men, and omitted the villagers' earlier violent resistance to Arab slavers, so it portrayed the villagers as passive victims. The section on the massacre itself had only minor grammatical corrections. Further research into diary notes continues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Researchers now presume that Dr Livingstone lied |work=CBS News |date=2 November 2011 |access-date=25 April 2019 |url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/researchers-now-presume-that-dr-livingstone-lied/ }}</ref><ref name="Wisnicki 2011" />

The massacre horrified Livingstone, leaving him too shattered to continue his mission to find the source of the Nile.{{sfn|Livingstone|1874|p=}} Following the end of the wet season, he travelled {{convert|240|mi|km|sigfig=2}} from Nyangwe back to Ujiji, an Arab settlement on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika—violently ill most of the way—arriving on 23 October 1871.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2024 |title=David Livingstone – Zambezi Expedition, Missionary, Explorer {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Livingstone/The-Zambezi-expedition |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>