Editing DDT (section)

===International usage restrictions===
In the 1970s and 1980s, agricultural use was banned in most developed countries, beginning with [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]] in 1968<ref name="Cheremisinoff-Rosenfeld-2011">{{cite book | editor1-first=Nicholas P. | editor1-last=Cheremisinoff | editor2-first=Paul E. | editor2-last=Rosenfeld | title=Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production: Best Practices in the Agrochemical Industry | chapter=6 DDT and Related Compounds | publisher=[[William Andrew (publisher)|William Andrew]] | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-4377-7825-0 | pages=247–259}}</ref><ref name="Nagy-Vajna-1972">{{cite journal | last1=Nagy | first1=B. | last2=Vajna | first2=L. | title=The Increasing Possibilities of the Application of Integrated Control in Plant Protection in Hungary | journal=[[EPPO Bulletin]] | publisher=[[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] ([[Wiley Publishing|Wiley]]) | volume=2 | issue=6 | year=1972 | issn=0250-8052 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2338.1972.tb02138.x | pages=95–96 | s2cid=84111430}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fvm.hu/main.php?folderID=1564&articleID=6169&ctag=articlelist&iid=1&part=2 |title=Selected passages from the history of the Hungarian plant protection administration on the 50th anniversary of establishing the county plant protection stations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110025539/http://www.fvm.hu/main.php?folderID=1564&articleID=6169&ctag=articlelist&iid=1&part=2 |archive-date=January 10, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> {{ndash}} although in practice it continued to be used through at least 1970.<ref name="ag-use-stats-1979">{{cite book | title=Environmental Health Criteria 9 - DDT and its Derivatives | date=1979 | location=[[Geneva]] | isbn=92-4-154069-9 | hdl=10665/39562 | oclc=67616765 | pages=194}} {{OCLC|1039198025}}. {{OCLC|504327918}}. {{ISBN|978-92-4-154069-8}}. {{OCLC|1158652149}}. {{OCLC|882544146}}. {{OCLC|5364752}}.</ref> This was followed by [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]] in 1970, [[West Germany]] and the United States in 1972, but not in the [[United Kingdom]] until 1984.

In contrast to West Germany, in the [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] DDT was used until 1988. Especially of relevance were large-scale applications in forestry in the years 1982–1984, with the aim to combat [[bark beetle]] and [[Lymantria monacha|pine moth]]. As a consequence, DDT-concentrations in eastern German forest soils are still significantly higher compared to soils in the former western German states.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aichner |first1=Bernhard |last2=Bussian |first2=Bernd |last3=Lehnik-Habrink |first3=Petra |last4=Hein |first4=Sebastian |date=2013 |title=Levels and Spatial Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment: A Case Study of German Forest Soils |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256836176 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=47 |issue=22 |pages=12703–12714 |doi=10.1021/es4019833|pmid=24050388 |bibcode=2013EnST...4712703A }}</ref>

By 1991, total bans, including for disease control, were in place in at least 26 countries; for example, Cuba in 1970, the US in the 1980s, Singapore in 1984, Chile in 1985, and the Republic of Korea in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pic.int/Portals/5/DGDs/DGD_DDT_EN.pdf|title=DDT, Decision Guidance Document, Joint FAO/UNEP Programme for the operation of Prior Informed Consent, UNEP/FAO, Rome, Italy, 1991.|access-date=August 24, 2014|archive-date=April 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413043928/http://www.pic.int/Portals/5/DGDs/DGD_DDT_EN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants]], which took effect in 2004, put a global ban on several [[persistent organic pollutant]]s, and restricted DDT use to [[vector control]]. The convention was ratified by more than 170 countries. Recognizing that total elimination in many malaria-prone countries is currently unfeasible in the absence of affordable/effective alternatives, the convention exempts public health use within [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) guidelines from the ban.<ref name="Stockholm">{{Cite web|url=http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/Repository/convention_text/UNEP-POPS-COP-CONVTEXT-FULL.English.PDF|title=Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.|access-date=August 24, 2014|archive-date=June 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605092808/http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/Repository/convention_text/UNEP-POPS-COP-CONVTEXT-FULL.English.PDF|url-status=live}}</ref> Resolution 60.18 of the [[World Health Assembly]] commits WHO to the Stockholm Convention's aim of reducing and ultimately eliminating DDT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/ipcs/capacity_building/ddt_statement/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404040645/http://www.who.int/ipcs/capacity_building/ddt_statement/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 4, 2009|title=WHO &#124; Strengthening malaria control while reducing reliance on DDT|website=WHO}}</ref> Malaria Foundation International states, "The outcome of the treaty is arguably better than the status quo going into the negotiations. For the first time, there is now an insecticide which is restricted to vector control only, meaning that the selection of resistant mosquitoes will be slower than before."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaria.org/DDTpage.html |title=MFI second page |publisher=Malaria Foundation International |access-date=March 15, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026080133/http://www.malaria.org/DDTpage.html |archive-date=October 26, 2010 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref>

Despite the worldwide ban, agricultural use continued in India,<ref>{{cite news |title=Concern over excessive DDT use in Jiribam fields |agency=The Imphal Free Press |date=May 5, 2008 |url=http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=headline&newsid=42015&typeid=1 |access-date=May 5, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081206120016/http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=headline&newsid=42015&typeid=1 |archive-date=December 6, 2008}}</ref> North Korea, and possibly elsewhere.<ref name="DDTBP.1/2"/> As of 2013, an estimated 3,000 to 4,000 [[ton]]s of DDT were produced for disease [[vector control]], including 2,786 tons in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/DDT/DDTMeetings/DDTEG62016/tabid/5348/Default.aspx |title=Report of the Sixth Expert Group Meeting on DDT |publisher=UNEP/POPS/DDT-EG.6, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants |date=November 8, 2016 |access-date=March 4, 2018 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305063542/http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/DDT/DDTMeetings/DDTEG62016/tabid/5348/Default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> DDT is applied to the inside walls of homes to kill or repel mosquitoes. This intervention, called [[indoor residual spraying]] (IRS), greatly reduces environmental damage. It also reduces the incidence of DDT resistance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaria.org/DDTcosts.html |title=Is DDT still effective and needed in malaria control? |publisher=Malaria Foundation International |access-date=March 15, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721175925/http://www.malaria.org/DDTcosts.html |archive-date=July 21, 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref> For comparison, treating {{convert|40|ha|acre}} of cotton during a typical U.S. growing season requires the same amount of chemical to treat roughly 1,700 homes.<ref name="Roberts 1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roberts DR, Laughlin LL, Hsheih P, Legters LJ | title = DDT, global strategies, and a malaria control crisis in South America | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 295–302 | date = July–September 1997 | pmid = 9284373 | pmc = 2627649 | doi = 10.3201/eid0303.970305 }}</ref>