Editing Cyprus (section)

===1974 coup d'état, invasion, and division===
{{Main|1974 Cypriot coup d'état|Turkish invasion of Cyprus}}
[[File:Famagusta-Varosha 2007.JPG|thumb|[[Varosha, Famagusta|Varosha (Maraş)]], a suburb of Famagusta, was abandoned when its inhabitants fled in 1974 and remains under Turkish military control.]]
On 15 July 1974, the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|Greek military junta]] under [[Dimitrios Ioannides]] carried out a [[1974 Cypriot coup d'état|coup d'état]] in Cyprus, to [[Enosis|unite the island with Greece]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Papadakis |first1=Yiannis |title=Nation, narrative and commemoration: political ritual in divided Cyprus |journal=History and Anthropology |date=2003 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=253–270 |doi=10.1080/0275720032000136642 |s2cid=143231403 |quote=culminating in the 1974 coup aimed at the annexation of Cyprus to Greece}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Atkin |first1=Nicholas |last2=Biddiss |first2=Michael |last3=Tallett |first3=Frank |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789 |isbn=978-1-4443-9072-8 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC |date=23 May 2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125914/https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of international law and practice, Volume&nbsp;5 |date=1996 |publisher=Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University |page=204}}</ref> The coup ousted president [[Makarios&nbsp;III]] and replaced him with pro-[[enosis]] nationalist [[Nikos Sampson]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Cyprus: Big Troubles over a Small Island |date=29 July 1974 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221060408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html |archive-date=21 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In response to the coup,{{efn|See:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ronen |first1=Yaël |title=Transition from Illegal Regimes under International Law |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49617-9 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OEHtL5xoroC |quote=Tensions escalated again in July 1974, following a coup d'état by Greek Cypriots favouring a union of Cyprus with Greece. In response to the coup, Turkey invaded Cyprus. |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125752/https://books.google.com/books?id=4OEHtL5xoroC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=Rebecca |last2=Papadakis |first2=Yiannis |title=Cyprus and the Politics of Memory: History, Community and Conflict |date=2012 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-78076-107-7 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4WUhDjksUUC |quote=In response to the coup, Turkey launched a military offensive in Cyprus that divided the island along the Green Line, which now splits the entire island. |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125819/https://books.google.com/books?id=y4WUhDjksUUC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Diez |first1=Thomas |title=The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union |date=2002 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6079-3 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC |quote=Turkey did, however, act unilaterally in 1974, in response to a military coup in Cyprus instigated by the military junta ruling then in Greece with the apparent objective of annexing the island. |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125754/https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |last2=Faustmann |first2=Hubert |last3=Mullen |first3=Fiona |title=An Island in Europe: The EU and the Transformation of Cyprus |date=2011 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC |quote=Divided since 1974, when Turkish forces invaded in response to a Greek led coup, many observers felt that taking in the island would either be far too risky or far too problematic. |isbn=9781848856783 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517124237/https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Faruk |title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6298-2 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC |quote=On 20 July 1974, in response to the coup and justifying its action under the Treaty of Guarantee, Turkey landed forces in Kyrenia.}}</ref>}} five days later, on 20 July 1974, the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkish army invaded]] the island, citing a right to intervene to restore the constitutional order from the 1960 [[Treaty of Guarantee (1960)|Treaty of Guarantee]]. This justification has been rejected by the [[United Nations]] and the international community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gray |first1=Christine |title=International Law and the Use of Force |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-102162-6 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnFCAgAAQBAJ |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517124202/https://books.google.com/books?id=qnFCAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Turkish air force began bombing Greek positions in Cyprus, and hundreds of [[paratroopers]] were dropped in the area between Nicosia and Kyrenia, where well-armed Turkish Cypriot enclaves had been long-established; while off the Kyrenia coast, Turkish troop ships landed 6,000 men as well as tanks, trucks and armoured vehicles.<ref>{{cite book |author=Taki Theodoracopulos |title=The Greek Upheaval: Kings, Demagogues, and Bayonets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPscAAAAYAAJ |date=1 January 1978 |publisher=Caratzas Bros. |isbn=978-0-89241-080-4 |page=66 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911011201/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPscAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Eric Solsten |author2=Library of Congress. Federal Research Division |title=Cyprus, a country study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UuFAAAAIAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |isbn=978-0-8444-0752-4 |page=219 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234346/https://books.google.com/books?id=5UuFAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Three days later, when a ceasefire had been agreed,<ref name="Craig 2001">{{cite book |author1=Brendan O'Malley |author2=Ian Craig |title=The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jz3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |date=25 June 2001 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85773-016-9 |pages=195–197 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412182115/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jz3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Turkey had landed 30,000 troops on the island and captured Kyrenia, the corridor linking Kyrenia to Nicosia, and the Turkish Cypriot quarter of Nicosia itself.<ref name="Craig 2001" /> The junta in [[Athens]], and then the Sampson regime in Cyprus fell from power. In Nicosia, [[Glafkos Clerides]] temporarily assumed the presidency.<ref name="Craig 2001" /> But after the peace negotiations in [[Geneva]], the Turkish government reinforced their Kyrenia bridgehead and started a second invasion on 14 August.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sumantra Bose |title=Contested Lands: Israel-Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC&pg=PA86 |date=30 June 2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02856-2 |page=86 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133548/https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC&pg=PA86 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The invasion resulted in [[Morphou]], [[Karpass Peninsula|Karpass]], Famagusta and the [[Mesaoria]] coming under Turkish control.

International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 36% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north.<ref>U.S. Congressional Record, V.&nbsp;147, Pt.&nbsp;3, 8 March 2001 to 26 March 2001 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ9DhiRRtIoC&pg=PA4095] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910224624/https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ9DhiRRtIoC&pg=PA4095|date=10 September 2015}}</ref> At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots were displaced to the north and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using US-supplied equipment during the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite book |title=Turkey and the United States: The Arms Embargo Period |publisher=Praeger Publishers (5 August 1986) |isbn=978-0275921415 |year=1986}}</ref> There were 1,534 Greek Cypriots<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=34064&cat_id=1 |title=Over 100 missing identified so far |newspaper=Cyprus Mail |access-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202937/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=34064&cat_id=1 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and 502 Turkish Cypriots<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=30795&cat_id=1 |title=Missing cause to get cash injection |newspaper=Cyprus Mail |access-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014514/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=30795&cat_id=1 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> missing as a result of the fighting from 1963 to 1974.

The Republic of Cyprus has ''[[de jure]]'' [[sovereignty]] over the entire island, including its [[territorial waters]] and [[exclusive economic zone]], with the exception of the Sovereign Base Areas of [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]], which remain under the UK's control according to the [[London-Zürich Agreements|London and Zürich Agreements]]. However, the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts: the area under the effective control of the Republic, in the south and west and comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the north,<ref>{{cite web |title=According to the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 550 and 541 |url=https://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1984/scres84.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319123420/http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1984/scres84.htm |archive-date=19 March 2009 |access-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> administered by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, covering about 36% of the island's area. Another nearly 4% of the island's area is covered by the [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|UN buffer zone]]. The international community considers the northern part of the island to be territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces.{{efn|See:<ref>{{cite book |author=European Consortium for Church-State Research. Conference |title=Churches and Other Religious Organisations as Legal Persons: Proceedings of the 17th Meeting of the European Consortium for Church and State Research, Höör (Sweden), 17–20 November 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hogL92shGUIC&pg=PA50 |year=2007 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-429-1858-0 |page=50 |quote=There is little data concerning recognition of the 'legal status' of religions in the occupied territories, since any acts of the 'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus' are not recognized by either the Republic of Cyprus or the international community.|access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412144859/https://books.google.com/books?id=hogL92shGUIC&pg=PA50 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Quigley |title=The Statehood of Palestine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA164 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49124-2 |page=164 |quote=The international community found this declaration invalid, on the ground that Turkey had occupied territory belonging to Cyprus and that the putative state was therefore an infringement on Cypriot sovereignty. |date=6 September 2010 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906001102/https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA164 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Nathalie Tocci |author-link=Nathalie Tocci |title=EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace Or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Z0Io3kQZ4C&pg=PA56 |date=January 2004 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-4310-4 |page=56 |quote=The occupied territory included 70&nbsp;percent of the island's economic potential with over 50&nbsp;percent of the industrial&nbsp;... In addition, since partition Turkey encouraged mainland immigration to northern Cyprus.&nbsp;... The international community, excluding Turkey, condemned the unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) as a. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915202840/https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Z0Io3kQZ4C&pg=PA56 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Dr Anders Wivel |author2=Robert Steinmetz |title=Small States in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUeWqEjS6-IC&pg=PA165 |date=28 March 2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-9958-9 |page=165 |quote=To this day, it remains unrecognised by the international community, except by Turkey |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922110421/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUeWqEjS6-IC&pg=PA165 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Neville |title=Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVosJPY04xAC&pg=PA293 |date=22 March 2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7371-1 |page=293 |quote=Ecevit ordered the army to occupy the Turkish area on 20 July 1974. It became the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, but Britain, like the rest of the international community, except Turkey, refused to extend diplomatic recognition to the enclave. British efforts to secure Turkey's removal from its surrogate territory after 1974 failed. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918212811/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVosJPY04xAC&pg=PA293 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law and amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=James Ker-Lindsay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC&pg=PA15 |title=An Island in Europe: The EU and the Transformation of Cyprus |author2=Hubert Faustmann |author3=Fiona Mullen |date=15 May 2011 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84885-678-3 |page=15 |quote=Classified as illegal under international law, and now due to Cyprus' accession into the [[European Union]] is also an illegal occupation of EU territory. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918194718/https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>