Editing Criminal justice (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of criminal justice}}
[[File:Prisoners whipped.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Prisoners at a [[Flagellation|whipping]] post in a [[Delaware]] prison, {{Circa|1907}}]]
The modern criminal justice system has evolved since [[ancient]] times, with new forms of [[punishment]], added [[rights]] for [[Criminal|offender]]s and victims, and [[policing]] reforms. These developments have reflected changing [[customs]], political ideals, and economic conditions. In ancient times through the Middle Ages, [[exile]] was a common form of punishment. During the [[Middle Ages]], payment to the victim (or the victim's family), known as [[wergild]], was another common punishment, including for violent crimes. For those who could not afford to buy their way out of punishment, harsh penalties included various forms of [[corporal punishment]]. These included [[mutilation]], [[human branding|branding]], and [[flogging]], as well as [[execution]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Though a prison, [[Stinche Prison|Le Stinche]], existed as early as the 14th century in [[Florence]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Wolfgang, Marvin |year=1990 |title=Crime and Punishment in Renaissance Florence |journal=Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology |volume=81 |pages=567–84|doi=10.2307/1143848|issue=3|jstor=1143848|url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6668&context=jclc }}</ref> [[incarceration]] was not widely used until the 19th century. Correctional reform in the United States was first initiated by [[William Penn]], towards the end of the 17th century. For a time, [[Pennsylvania]]'s criminal code was revised to forbid [[torture]] and other forms of cruel punishment, with [[jail]]s and [[prison]]s replacing corporal punishment. These reforms were reverted, upon Penn's death in 1718. Under pressure from a group of [[Quakers]], these reforms were revived in Pennsylvania toward the end of the 18th century, and led to a marked drop in Pennsylvania's crime rate. [[Patrick Colquhoun]], [[Henry Fielding]] and others led significant reforms during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.<ref>{{cite book |author=Garland, David |chapter=Of Crimes and Criminals |pages=20 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd edition |editor=Maguire, Mike |editor2=Rod Morgan |editor3=Robert Reiner |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002}}</ref>

The development of a modern criminal justice system was contemporary to the formation of the concept of a nation-state, later defined by German sociologist [[Max Weber]] as establishing a "[[Monopoly on violence|monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force]]", which was exercised in the criminal justice case by the police.<ref>Max Weber, ''Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society'', translated and edited by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters. New York: Palgrave Books, 2015, pp. 129–198.</ref><ref>Max Weber in Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society, translated and edited by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters. Palgrave Books 2015, p. 136</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bates|first1=R.|last2=Greif|first2=A.|last3=Singh|first3=S.|title=Organizing Violence|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|language=en|volume=46|issue=5|pages=599–628|doi=10.1177/002200202236166|year=2002|s2cid=14970734|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3707095}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Olson|first=Mancur|date=1993|title=Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development|jstor=2938736|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=September 1993|issue=3|pages=567–576|doi=10.2307/2938736|s2cid=145312307 }}</ref>

===Modern police===
{{Main|Police}}

The first modern police force is commonly said to be the [[Metropolitan Police]] in [[London]], established in 1829 by Sir [[Robert Peel]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Terrill|first1=Richard J.|title=World Criminal Justice Systems: A Comparative Survey|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317228820|page=32|edition=revised|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ3hCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dempsey|first1=John S.|last2=Forst|first2=Linda S.|title=An Introduction to Policing|date=2015|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1305544680|pages=6–8|edition=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4TCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7}}</ref> Based on the [[Peelian principles]], it promoted the [[Preventive police|preventive]] role of police as a deterrent to urban [[crime]] and disorder.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brodeur |first=Jean-Paul |title=High Policing and Low Policing: Remarks about the Policing of Political Activities |journal=[[Social Problems]] |volume=30 |issue=5 |date=1983 |pages=507–520 |doi=10.2307/800268 |jstor=800268 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/800268 |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=UKP>{{cite web|title=Policing by consent|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/policing-by-consent|publisher=UK Government|access-date=29 December 2013|date=10 December 2012}}</ref> In the United States, police departments were first established in [[Boston]] in 1838, and [[New York City]] in 1844. Early on, police were not respected by the community, as [[Police corruption|corruption]] was rampant.

In the 1920s, led by [[Berkeley, California]], police chief, [[August Vollmer]] and [[O.W. Wilson]], police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training and professional qualifications of new hires. Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by highly autocratic leaders, and there remained a lack of respect between police and the community. Following urban unrest in the 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community relations, enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring, and many police agencies adopted [[community policing]] strategies.

In the 1990s, [[CompStat]] was developed by the [[New York Police Department]] as an information-based system for tracking and [[crime mapping|mapping crime]] patterns and trends, and holding police accountable for dealing with crime problems.  CompStat has since been replicated in police departments across the United States and around the world, with [[problem-oriented policing]], [[intelligence-led policing]], and other information-led policing strategies also adopted.

Criminal Justice Overview.
Criminal justice is a multifaceted system that includes laws, courts, and corrections. Its purpose is to uphold societal norms by enforcing laws and punishing offenders. The criminal justice system strives to maintain order and protect citizens from harm.
The Role of Criminal Law
Criminal law is essential for defining crimes, determining punishments, and ensuring fair trials. It provides a framework for holding individuals accountable for their actions while protecting individual rights. Without criminal law, society would lack an organized means of addressing wrongdoing.
Justice for All.
"Criminal justice for all" emphasizes the principle that every person should be treated fairly under the law. This concept promotes fairness, impartiality, and equal access to justice regardless of background or social status. The pursuit of justice for all enhances the integrity and legitimacy of the criminal justice system.
<ref>Deborah Turkheimer Vol. 66, No. 1 (Autumn 2016) Published by the Association of American Law Schools: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26402415
 Kumaralingam Amirthalingam Singapore Journal of Legal Studies (Sep 2017) Published by the National University of Singapore (Faculty of Law):https://www.jstor.org/stable/44986460 </ref>