Editing Crimes against humanity (section)

==United Nations==
The United Nations has been primarily responsible for the prosecution of crimes against humanity since it was chartered in 1948.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://undocs.org/A/RES/260(III)|title=A/RES/260(III) – E – A/RES/260(III)|website=undocs.org|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>

After Nuremberg, there was no international court with jurisdiction over crimes against humanity for almost 50 years. However, work continued on developing the definition of crimes against humanity at the United Nations. For instance, in 1947, the [[International Law Commission]] was charged by the United Nations General Assembly with the formulation of the principles of international law recognized and reinforced in the Nuremberg Charter and judgment, and they were also tasked with drafting a 'code of offenses against the peace and security of mankind'. Completed 50 years later in 1996, the Draft Code defined crimes against humanity as various inhumane acts, ''i.e.'', "murder, extermination, torture, enslavement, persecution on political, racial, religious or ethnic grounds, institutionalized discrimination, arbitrary deportation or forcible transfer of population, arbitrary imprisonment, rape, enforced prostitution and other inhuman acts committed in a systematic manner or on a large scale and instigated or directed by a Government or by any organization or group." This definition differs from the one used in Nuremberg, where the criminal acts were to have been committed "before or during the war", thus establishing a nexus between crimes against humanity and armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Crimes/CrimesAgainstHumanity#_ftnref1 |title=ICD – Crimes against humanity |publisher=Asser Institute |year=2013}}</ref>

On 21 March 2013, at its 22nd session, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] established the [[Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|Commission of Inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] (DPRK). The Commission was mandated to investigate the systematic, widespread, and grave violations of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (i.e. North Korea), with a view to ensuring full accountability, in particular for violations that may amount to crimes against humanity.<ref>[http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G13/128/65/PDF/G1312865.pdf?OpenElement "Resolution A/HRC/RES/22/13: Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829031840/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G13/128/65/PDF/G1312865.pdf?OpenElement |date=August 29, 2013 }} Human Rights Council</ref> The Commission dealt with matters relating to crimes against humanity on the basis of definitions set out by customary international criminal law and in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.<ref name="ohchr.org">Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea – A/HRC/25/63, available at: {{cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIDPRK/Pages/Documents.aspx |title=Documents |access-date=2015-05-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425025103/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIDPRK/Pages/Documents.aspx |archive-date=2015-04-25 }}</ref> The 2014 Report by the Commission found "the body of testimony and other information it received establishes that crimes against humanity have been committed in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, pursuant to policies established at the highest level of the State [....] These crimes against humanity entail extermination, murder, enslavement, torture, imprisonment, rape, forced abortions and other sexual violence, persecution on political, religious, racial and gender grounds, the forcible transfer of populations, the enforced disappearance of persons and the inhumane act of knowingly causing prolonged starvation. The Commission further finds that crimes against humanity are ongoing in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea because the policies, institutions and patterns of impunity that lie at their heart remain in place." Additionally, the Commission found that crimes against humanity have been committed against starving populations, particularly during the 1990s and that they were still being committed against persons from other countries who were systematically abducted or denied repatriation because they sought to gain labour and other skills for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.<ref name="ohchr.org"/>

===Security Council===
[[UN Security Council Resolution 1674]], adopted by the [[United Nations Security Council]] on 28 April 2006, "reaffirms the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005 [[World Summit Outcome Document]] regarding the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity".<ref>[http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/e529762befa456f8852571610045ebef!OpenDocument Resolution 1674 (2006)]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223154915/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/e529762befa456f8852571610045ebef%21OpenDocument |date=February 23, 2009 }}</ref> The [[United Nations Security Council Resolution|resolution]] commits the Council to action to protect civilians in armed conflict.

In 2008 the [[U.N. Security Council|UN Security Council]] adopted [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820|resolution 1820]], which noted that "rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide".<ref name="Un.org"/>

According to the [[United Nations Security Council]] resolution 1970 (2011) concerning [[Libya]], any direct or indirect trade of arms to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, in the form of supply, transfer, or sale should be prevented by the member nations. The [[arms embargo]] restricts the supply of arms, weapons, military vehicles, spare parts, technical assistance, finances, and the provision of armed [[mercenaries]] with origins of a country other than the one providing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1970|title=Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning Libya|website=United Nations Security Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/1970%20(2011)|title=Resolution 1970 (2011)|website=United Nations Security Council}}</ref>

Later, the United Nations claimed in its November 2019 report that the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Jordan]] and [[Turkey]] were then violating the arms embargo imposed on Libya under the 1970 resolution.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-un/jordan-uae-turkey-sudan-accused-of-violating-sanctions-on-libya-un-report-idUSKBN1XL2E6|title=Jordan, UAE, Turkey, Sudan accused of violating sanctions on Libya – U.N. report|access-date=11 November 2019|newspaper=Reuters|date=2019-11-11}}</ref> An airstrike on the migrant detention center in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] in July 2019, believed to have been carried out by the United Arab Emirates, can be amounted as a war crime, as stated by the United Nations. The airstrike was deadlier than the 2011 militarized uprising that overthrew the regime of [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/libyas-tripoli-government-blames-u-a-e-for-deadly-airstrike-11562255129|title= Libya's Tripoli Government Blames U.A.E. for Deadly Airstrike|access-date=4 July 2019|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date= 4 July 2019}}</ref>