Editing Crime of passion (section)

===France===
[[File:Alexandre_Dumas_fils.jpg|thumb|250px|[[French literature]] of the 19th century often justified crimes of passion, as is the case of witter [[Alexandre Dumas fils]], and influenced the views of the upper classes, including those sitting on juries, about such homicides.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.fabula.org/colloques/document1296.php | title=Les arguties d'un moraliste :La Femme de Claude d'Alexandre Dumas fils | journal=Acta Fabula | date=30 October 2010 | last1=Huet-Brichard | first1=Marie-Catherine }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11623654/ | pmid=11623654 | date=1999 | last1=Lieberman | first1=L. | title=Crimes of reason, crimes of passion: Suicide and the adulterous woman in nineteenth-century France | journal=Journal of Family History | volume=24 | issue=2 | pages=131–147 | doi=10.1177/036319909902400201 | s2cid=10012012 }}</ref>]]
{{Main|French Penal Code of 1810}}
Crimes of passion have a strong association with France. Prior to 1975, the French Penal Code of 1810 stated at article 324 that "in the case of adultery, provided for by article 336, murder committed upon the wife as well as upon her accomplice, at the moment when the husband shall have caught them in the fact, in the house where the husband and wife dwell, is excusable" [meaning a punishment of 1 to 5 years, according to article 326].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/france/penalcode/c_penalcode3b.html |title=France: Penal Code of 1810 |access-date=2021-09-17 |archive-date=2021-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917200115/https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/france/penalcode/c_penalcode3b.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In practice, however, many domestic violence crimes resulted in acquittal by the juries, which alarmed jurists and led them to question whether the citizen jurors of the Third Republic were competent to render justice.<ref name="researchgate.net"/> In the 1960s and 70s the attitudes towards domestic violence started to change, as in other European countries. On November 7, 1975, Law no. 617/75 Article 17 repealed Article 324. Many countries, including some western countries like [[Belgium]], were legally influenced by the Article 324. Prior to 1997, Belgian law provided for mitigating circumstances in the case of a killing or assault against a spouse caught in the act of adultery.<ref>http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/36305/1/ULg-Liber%20amicorum%20Bosly%20-%20Masset.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084649/http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/36305/1/ULg-Liber%20amicorum%20Bosly%20-%20Masset.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.violenceentrepartenaires.be/fr/informations_generales/en_savoir_plus/que_dit_la_loi/violence_dans_couple|title=La loi du 24 novembre 1997 visant a combattre la violence au sein du couple - Violence entre partenaires - Comment s'en sortir ?|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331093232/http://www.violenceentrepartenaires.be/fr/informations_generales/en_savoir_plus/que_dit_la_loi/violence_dans_couple|archive-date=2016-03-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=July 2017}} In [[Luxembourg]], Article 413 (repealed in 2003) provided mitigating circumstances for murder, assault and injury of an adulterous spouse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action (1995) and the Outcome of the 23rd Special Session of the General Assembly (2000) |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/Review/responses/LUXEMBOURG-English.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041122122326/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/Review/responses/LUXEMBOURG-English.pdf |archive-date=2004-11-22 |access-date=2017-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2003/0148/a148.pdf|title=Mémorial A n° 148 de 2003 - Legilux|website=www.legilux.public.lu|access-date=2016-01-23|archive-date=2015-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008060840/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2003/0148/a148.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Article 324 of the French penal code was copied by [[Middle Eastern]] [[Arab]] countries. According to the Honour Based Violence Awareness Network, the penal codes that were enacted under the [[Napoleonic Empire]] influenced the development of laws in North Africa and the Middle East. These laws permit reduced sentences for murders that are "related to honour".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hbv-awareness.com/regions/|title=Honour Killings By Region|access-date=2015-03-01|archive-date=2013-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208172508/http://hbv-awareness.com/regions/|url-status=live}}</ref> The French Article 324 inspired [[Jordan]]'s Article 340 and Article 98.<ref>Stefanie Eileen Nanes, “Fighting Honor Crimes: Evidence of Civil Society in Jordan,” Middle East Journal, vol. 57, no.1 (Winter 2003), p. 6.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sheeley|first1=Ellen R.|title=Reclaiming Honor in Jordan: A National Public Opinion Survey on "honor" Killings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCO3LQAACAAJ&q=Reclaiming+Honor+in+Jordan|year=2007|publisher=Author|isbn=978-9957-8607-0-7|access-date=2021-09-17|archive-date=2022-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225075618/https://books.google.com/books?id=XCO3LQAACAAJ&q=Reclaiming+Honor+in+Jordan|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1858 Ottoman Penal Code's Article 188 was also inspired by Article 324. Both the French Article 324 and Ottoman article 188 were drawn on to create Jordan's Article 340, which was retained after a 1944 revision of laws, and still applies to this day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centerforinquiry.net/isis/articles_and_books/intrafamily_femicide_in_defence_of_honour_the_case_of_jordan/|title=ISIS - Center for Inquiry|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410232904/http://www.centerforinquiry.net/isis/articles_and_books/intrafamily_femicide_in_defence_of_honour_the_case_of_jordan/|archive-date=10 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1427&context=isp_collection|title=Gender Based Violence in Jordan: Domestic Violence and Honor Crimes|access-date=2019-11-05|archive-date=2016-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128152041/http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1427&context=isp_collection|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crimes Of Honor And The Construction Of Gender In Arab Societies |url=http://www.comparativelawreview.com/ojs/index.php/CoLR/article/viewFile/18/22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929191232/http://www.comparativelawreview.com/ojs/index.php/colr/article/viewfile/18/22 |archive-date=2013-09-29 |access-date=2016-01-06}}</ref>

The Napoleonic Code has been an extremely influential code. Many laws around the world have been modeled on it. The code was applied to all territories under Napoleon's control and has also influenced several other countries in Europe and South America.<ref name="history.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/napoleonic-code-approved-in-france |title=Napoleonic Code approved in France - HISTORY |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2021-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924061941/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/napoleonic-code-approved-in-france |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to leniency to crimes of passion, this code enshrined the unquestionable authority of men over their families and deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced the rights of [[Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate children]]. It also reintroduced colonial slavery.<ref name="history.com"/> The example of the Napoleonic Code is often used in debates about [[Westernization]], [[Europeanization]] and [[imperialism]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/opinion/france-year-of-napoleon.html |title=Opinion &#124; Napoleon Isn't a Hero to Celebrate |work=The New York Times |date=18 March 2021 |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2021-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924061941/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/opinion/france-year-of-napoleon.html |url-status=live |last1=Daut |first1=Marlene L. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/remembering-that-napoleon-reinstated-slavery-in-france/a-57408273 |title=Remembering that Napoleon reinstated slavery in France &#124; Culture &#124; Arts, music and lifestyle reporting from Germany &#124; DW &#124; 04.05.2021 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2021-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924064644/https://www.dw.com/en/remembering-that-napoleon-reinstated-slavery-in-france/a-57408273 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Napoleonic Code was also influential in the "[[marry-your-rapist law]]s" (in force in France until 1994<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/19/lebanon-reform-rape-laws | title=Lebanon: Reform Rape Laws | date=19 December 2016 }}</ref>), which were exported to other parts of the world too.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

France also had a strong culture of [[duel|dueling]] meant to uphold honor, and France was called by [[National Geographic]] "the dueling capital of Europe".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=López |first1=Alfonso |date=2020-08-19 |title=Why France was the dueling capital of Europe |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/why-france-dueling-capital-europe |magazine=[[National Geographic]] |language=en-US |issn=0027-9358 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> This dueling culture was also exported to Latin America, and was extremely strong in [[Uruguay]] (see below the section on Uruguay). In [[Corsica]], a place influenced throughout the centuries both by Italian and French culture, there was a strong custom of [[feud|vendetta]], which required Corsicans to kill anyone who wronged their family honor. Between 1821 and 1852, no fewer than 4,300 vendetta killings were perpetrated in Corsica.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/20/corsica-intrigue-crime-politics | title=On Corsica, the intrigue of crime and politics claims another life | newspaper=The Guardian | date=20 October 2012 | last1=Willsher | first1=Kim }}</ref>

Stories about adulterous women, suicides and homicides committed due to 'passion', featured prominently in French literature in the 19th century, and "In literature as in life, unconventional women needed to be severely punished lest their defiant attitudes inspire further acts of rebellion".<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11623654/ | pmid=11623654 | year=1999 | last1=Lieberman | first1=L. | title=Crimes of reason, crimes of passion: Suicide and the adulterous woman in nineteenth-century France | journal=Journal of Family History | volume=24 | issue=2 | pages=131–147 | doi=10.1177/036319909902400201 | s2cid=10012012 }}</ref>