Editing Copenhagen (section)

===20th century===
[[File:København fra luften Dmr topkbh k 07121.jpg|thumb|Central Copenhagen in 1939]]
By the beginning of the 20th century, Copenhagen had become a thriving industrial and administrative city. With its new [[Copenhagen City Hall|city hall]] and [[Copenhagen Central Station|railway station]], its centre was drawn towards the west.<ref name="Københavns historie 1728-1914" /> New housing developments grew up in [[Brønshøj]] and [[Valby]] while [[Frederiksberg]] became an enclave within the city of Copenhagen.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Frederiksberg Kommune – historie|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/Danmarks_kommuner/Frederiksberg_Kommune/Frederiksberg_Kommune_(Historie)|language=da|access-date=15 November 2013|date=23 January 2013|archive-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222203620/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/Danmarks_kommuner/Frederiksberg_Kommune/Frederiksberg_Kommune_(Historie)|url-status=live}}</ref> The northern part of [[Amager]] and Valby were also incorporated into the City of Copenhagen in 1901–02.<ref>{{cite web|last=Linvald|first=Steffen|title=Københavns hvornår skete det|url=http://kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/khsd/1900/1900.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230607/http://kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/khsd/1900/1900.html|archive-date=2 December 2013|access-date=24 November 2013|publisher=København|language=da}}</ref>

As a result of Denmark's neutrality in the [[First World War]], Copenhagen prospered from trade with both Britain and Germany while the city's defences were kept fully manned by some 40,000 soldiers for the duration of the war.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baltzersen|first=Jan|title=Denmark and Southern Jutland during the First World War|url=http://dendigitalebyport.byhistorie.dk/monumenter/artikel.aspx?xid=denmark_and_southern_jutland|access-date=1 November 2013|publisher=Dansk Center for Byhistorie|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010028/http://dendigitalebyport.byhistorie.dk/monumenter/artikel.aspx?xid=denmark_and_southern_jutland|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1920s there were serious shortages of goods and housing. Plans were drawn up to demolish the old part of Christianshavn and to get rid of the worst of the city's slum areas.{{sfn|Schaldemose|2005|p=161}} However, it was not until the 1930s that substantial housing developments ensued,<ref name="Københavns historie siden 1914">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Københavns historie siden 1914|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn_-_historie/K%C3%B8benhavns_historie_siden_1914?highlight=k%C3%B8benhavns%20historie|language=da|access-date=15 November 2013|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230003247/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn_-_historie/K%C3%B8benhavns_historie_siden_1914?highlight=k%C3%B8benhavns%20historie|url-status=live}}</ref> with the demolition of one side of Christianhavn's [[Torvegade]] to build five large blocks of flats.{{sfn|Schaldemose|2005|p=161}}

====World War II====
{{See also|Denmark in World War II|Danish resistance movement}}
[[File:Shellhuset 210345.jpg|thumb|The RAF's bombing of the [[Gestapo]] headquarters in March 1945 was coordinated with the Danish resistance movement.]]
[[File:People celebrating the liberation of Denmark. 5th May 1945. At Strøget in Copenhagen..jpg|thumb|People celebrating the [[liberation of Denmark]] at Strøget in Copenhagen, 5 May 1945. Germany surrendered three days later.]]

[[Denmark in World War II|In Denmark during World War II]], Copenhagen was [[Occupation of Denmark|occupied by German troops]] along with the rest of the country from 9 April 1940 until 4 May 1945. German leader [[Adolf Hitler]] hoped that Denmark would be "a model [[protectorate]]"<ref>Henning Poulsen, "Dansk Modstand og Tysk Politik" ("Danish opposition and German Politics") in ''Jyske Historiker'' 71(1995), p.10.</ref> and initially the [[Nazism|Nazi]] authorities sought to arrive at an understanding with the Danish government. The [[1943 Danish Folketing election|1943 Danish parliamentary election]] was also allowed to take place, with only the [[Communist Party of Denmark|Communist Party]] excluded. But in August 1943, after the government's collaboration with the occupation forces collapsed, several ships were sunk in Copenhagen Harbor by the [[Royal Danish Navy]] to prevent their use by the Germans. Around that time the Nazis [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|started to arrest Jews]], although [[Rescue of the Danish Jews|most managed to escape to Sweden]].<ref name="occupation">{{cite web|title=The Occupation of Denmark|url=http://denmark.dk/en/society/history/occupation/|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Denmark.dk|language=da|archive-date=19 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119221244/http://denmark.dk/en/society/history/occupation}}</ref>

In 1945 [[Ole Lippman]], leader of the Danish section of the [[Special Operations Executive]], invited the British [[Royal Air Force]] to assist their operations by attacking Nazi headquarters in Copenhagen. Accordingly, air vice-marshal [[Basil Embry|Sir Basil Embry]] drew up plans for a spectacular precision attack on the [[Sicherheitsdienst]] and [[Gestapo]] building, the former offices of the [[Shell Oil Company]]. Political prisoners were kept in the attic to prevent an air raid, so the RAF had to bomb the lower levels of the building.<ref name="milhist.dk">{{cite web|last=Velschow|first=Klaus|date=21 March 1945|title=The Bombing of the Shellhus on March 21, 1945|url=http://www.milhist.dk/besattelsen/shell/shell.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023949/http://www.milhist.dk/besattelsen/shell/shell.html|archive-date=10 April 2014|access-date=9 March 2013|publisher=Dansk Militærhistorie}}</ref>

The attack, known as "[[Operation Carthage]]", came on 22 March 1945, in three small waves. In the first wave, all six planes (carrying one bomb each) hit their target, but one of the aircraft crashed near Frederiksberg Girls School. Because of this crash, four of the planes in the two following waves assumed the school was the military target and aimed their bombs at the school, leading to the death of 123 civilians (of which 87 were schoolchildren).<ref name="milhist.dk" /> However, 18 of the 26 political prisoners in the Shell Building managed to escape while the Gestapo archives were completely destroyed.<ref name="milhist.dk" />

On 8 May 1945 Copenhagen was officially liberated by British troops commanded by [[Field Marshal]] [[Bernard Montgomery]] who supervised the surrender of 30,000 Germans situated around the capital.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Occupation of Denmark|url=http://Denmark.dk/en/society/history/occupation/|access-date=10 May 2014|website=Denmark.dk|archive-date=26 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426223212/http://denmark.dk/en/society/history/occupation}}</ref>

====Post-war decades====
Shortly after the end of the war, an innovative urban development project known as the [[Finger Plan]] was introduced in 1947, encouraging the creation of new housing and businesses interspersed with large green areas along five "fingers" stretching out from the city centre along the [[S-train]] routes.<ref name="OECD2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SK4Pg3zEHUC&pg=PA357|title=Regional Development Policies in OECD Countries|date=4 November 2010|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-08722-4|page=357|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=30 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530161237/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SK4Pg3zEHUC&pg=PA357|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Cervero|1998|p=132}} With the expansion of the welfare state and women entering the work force, schools, nurseries, sports facilities and hospitals were established across the city. As a result of student unrest in the late 1960s, the former Bådsmandsstræde Barracks in [[Christianshavn]] was occupied, leading to the establishment of [[Freetown Christiania]] in September 1971.<ref name="kkkh">{{cite web|title=Københavns historie|url=http://www.kk.dk/da/om-kommunen/fakta-og-statistik/historie-og-udvikling/koebenhavns-historie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222905/http://www.kk.dk/da/om-kommunen/fakta-og-statistik/historie-og-udvikling/koebenhavns-historie|archive-date=2 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Københavns Kommune|language=da}}</ref>

Motor traffic in the city grew significantly and in 1972 the trams were replaced by buses. From the 1960s, on the initiative of the young architect [[Jan Gehl]], pedestrian streets and cycle tracks were created in the city centre.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beacom|first=Elise|date=10 November 2012|title='Copenhagenizing' the world, one city at a time|url=http://cphpost.dk/news/national/%E2%80%98copenhagenizing%E2%80%99-world-one-city-time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727022413/http://cphpost.dk/news/national/%E2%80%98copenhagenizing%E2%80%99-world-one-city-time|archive-date=27 July 2013|access-date=24 November 2013|publisher=the Copenhagen post}}</ref> Activity in the port of Copenhagen declined with the closure of the Holmen Naval Base. [[Copenhagen Airport]] underwent considerable expansion, becoming a hub for the [[Nordic countries]]. In the 1990s, large-scale housing developments were realised in the harbour area and in the west of [[Amager]].<ref name="Københavns historie siden 1914" /> The national library's [[Black Diamond (library)|Black Diamond]] building on the waterfront was completed in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Black Diamond|url=http://en.danskarkitekturguide.dk/node/6855|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222011/http://en.danskarkitekturguide.dk/node/6855|archive-date=2 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Danish architecture guide|language=da}}</ref>