Editing Communications in Madagascar (section)

==Internet==

* [[Top-level domain]]: [[.mg]]<ref name=CIAWFB-Madagascar-2014/>
* [[List of countries by number of Internet users|Internet users]]: 452,185 users, 133rd in the world; 2.1% of the population, 201st in the world (2012).<ref name=NIUCalc>Calculated using penetration rate and population data from [https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/rank.php "Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329060848/https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/rank.php |date=2017-03-29 }}, Population data, International Programs,  U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013</ref><ref name=ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet>[http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012"], International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013</ref>
* [[List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions|Fixed broadband]]: 9,242 subscriptions, 150th in the world; less than 0.05% of the population, 187th in the world (2012).<ref name=NIUCalc/><ref name="FixedBroadbandITUDynamic2012">[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx "Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726064920/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx |date=2019-07-26 }}, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, [[International Telecommunication Union]]. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.</ref>
* [[List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions|Wireless broadband]]: Unknown (2012).<ref name="MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012">[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726064920/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx |date=2019-07-26 }}, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, [[International Telecommunication Union]]. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.</ref>
* [[List of countries by number of Internet hosts|Internet hosts]]: 38,392 hosts, 127th in the world (2012).<ref name=CIAWFB-Madagascar-2014/>
* [[List of countries by IPv4 address allocation|IPv4]]: 62,208 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 2.8 addresses per 1000 people (2012).<ref>[http://www.countryipblocks.net/country-blocks/select-formats/ Select Formats] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513033601/http://www.countryipblocks.net/country-blocks/select-formats/ |date=2009-05-13 }}, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003851/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html Population], [[The World Factbook]], [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.</ref>
* [[Internet Service Providers]] (ISPs):{{citation needed |date=January 2014}}
** As of 2006:{{update after|2014|1|15}}
*** DTS, http://www.dts.mg/
*** Simicro, http://www.simicro.mg/
*** Blueline (Gulfsat), http://www.gulfsat.mg. In 2005 Blueline was the first operator in the [[Indian Ocean]] area to launch a [[Wimax]] based network for [[broadband Internet access]].

===Internet censorship and surveillance===

There are generally no restrictions on access to the Internet, or reports that the de facto government monitors [[e-mail]] or Internet [[chat rooms]]. However, the de facto minister of communication made several statements throughout 2012 about restricting the Internet.<ref name=USDOS-CRHRP-Madagascar-2012>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204137 "Madagascar"], ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2014.</ref>

Political groups, parties, and activists use the Internet extensively to advance their agendas, share news, and criticize other parties. Although there have been allegations of technical sabotage of some Web sites, the Internet is considered among the more reliable sources of information, as many Internet servers were outside the country and cannot be regulated by the regime.<ref name=USDOS-CRHRP-Madagascar-2012/>

The constitution and law provide for [[freedom of speech]] and [[freedom of the press|press]], but the de facto regime and military actors actively and systematically impeded the exercise of freedoms of expression and of the press. The law prohibits arbitrary Interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, but homes and workplaces of opposition groups are subject to arbitrary searches without warrants. Regime security personnel also punished family members for alleged offenses committed by individuals.<ref name=USDOS-CRHRP-Madagascar-2012/>

====[[Cytrox|Predator Files]]====
In October 2023, ''[[Mediapart]]'' newspaper revealed that the Malagasy presidency acquired the [[Cytrox|Predator]] [[spyware]] in 2021 illegally and used it to spy on several political opponents, including the opposition newspaper, Roland Rasoamaharo, who was subsequently imprisoned. According to two technical investigations, Predator was also used by the Malagasy government during the [[2023 Malagasy presidential election|2023 elections]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Predator : comment le groupe français Nexa a vendu le logiciel espion à Madagascar|url=
https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2023/10/12/predator-comment-le-groupe-francais-nexa-a-vendu-le-logiciel-espion-a-madagascar_6193969_4408996.html|website=LeMonde.fr|date=12 October 2023|access-date=12 October 2023|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Mediapart1">{{cite web|title=« Predator Files » : le logiciel espion en roue libre à Madagascar|url=
https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/121023/predator-files-le-logiciel-espion-en-roue-libre-madagascar|website=mediapart.fr|date=12 October 2023|access-date=12 October 2023|language=fr}}</ref>

An investigation by the Central Office for the Fight against Crimes Against Humanity, Genocides and War Crimes (OCLCH) established that the leaders of Nexa and Intellexa exported equipment and software to hack phones to the Malagasy presidency, without any authorization.<ref name="Mediapart1"/>