Editing Common buzzard (section)

===Migration===
[[File:Israel. Steppe Buzzard (15626160697).jpg|thumb|left|A steppe buzzard migrating through [[Israel]], where buzzards have one of the largest raptor migrations in the world.]]
The common buzzard is aptly described as a partial migrant.<ref>Porter, R. F., & Beaman, M. A. S. (1985). ''A resume of raptor migration in Europe and the Middle East. Conservation Studies on Raptors''. ICBP Technical Publication, 5, 237–242.</ref> The autumn and spring movements of buzzards are subject to extensive variation, even down to the individual level, based on a region's food resources, competition (both from other buzzards and other predators), extent of human disturbance and weather conditions. Short-distance movements are the norm for juveniles and some adults in autumn and winter, but more adults in central Europe and the British Isles remain on their year-around residence than do not.<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= Wuczyński>Wuczyński, A. (2003). ''Abundance of Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) in the Central European wintering ground in relation to the weather conditions and food supply''. Buteo, 13, 11–20.</ref> Even for first year juvenile buzzards dispersal may not take them very far. In [[England]], 96% of first-years moved in winter to less than {{cvt|100|km}} from their natal site.<ref>Walls, S. S., & Kenward, R. E. (1998). ''Movements of radio‐tagged Buzzards Buteo buteo in early life''. Ibis, 140(4), 561–568.</ref> Southwestern [[Poland]] was recorded to be a fairly important wintering grounds for central European buzzards in early spring that apparently travelled from somewhat farther north, in winter average density was a locally high 2.12 individual per square kilometer.<ref name= Wuczyński/> Habitat and prey availability seemed to be the primary drivers of habitat selection in fall for European buzzards. In northern [[Germany]], buzzards were recorded to show preferences in fall for areas fairly distant from nesting site, with a large quantity of vole-holes and more widely dispersed perches.<ref name= Schindler>Schindler, S., Hohmann, U., Probst, R., Nemeschkal, H. L., & Spitzer, G. (2012). ''Territoriality and habitat use of Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo) during late autumn in northern Germany''. Journal of Raptor Research, 46(2), 149–157.</ref><ref>Schindler, S. (2002). ''Territoriality and habitat-use of wintering Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo) in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany'' (Doctoral dissertation).</ref> In [[Bulgaria]], the mean wintering density was 0.34 individual per square kilometer, and buzzards showed a preference for agricultural over forested areas.<ref>Nikolov, S., Spasov, S., & Kambourova, N. (2006). ''Density, number and habitat use of Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) wintering in the lowlands of Bulgaria''. Buteo, 15, 39–47.</ref> Similar habitat preferences were recorded in northeastern [[Romania]], where buzzard density was 0.334–0.539 individuals per square kilometer.<ref>Baltag, E. S., Pocora, V., Sfica, L., & Bolboaca, L. E. (2013). ''Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) population during winter season in North-Eastern Romania: the influences of density, habitat selection, and weather''. Ornis Fennica, 90(3), 186.</ref> The nominate buzzards of [[Scandinavia]] are somewhat more strongly migratory than most central European populations. However, birds from [[Sweden]] show some variation in migratory behaviours. A maximum of 41,000 individuals have been recorded at one of the main migration sites within southern Sweden in [[Falsterbo]].<ref>Kjellén, N., & Roos, G. (2000). ''Population trends in Swedish raptors demonstrated by migration counts at Falsterbo, Sweden 1942–97''. Bird Study, 47(2), 195–211.</ref> In southern Sweden, winter movements and migration was studied via observation of buzzard colour. White individuals were substantially more common in southern Sweden rather than further north in their Swedish range. The southern population migrates earlier than intermediate to dark buzzards, in both adults and juveniles. A larger proportion of juveniles than of adults migrate in the southern population. Especially adults in the southern population are resident to a higher degree than more northerly breeders.<ref name= Kjellen>Kjellén, N. (1999). ''Different migration strategies among Swedish Common Buzzards Buteo buteo revealed by the proportion of white birds''. Ornis svecica, 9(1), 11–18.</ref>

The entire population of the steppe buzzard is strongly migratory, covering substantial distances during migration. In no part of the range do steppe buzzards use the same summering and wintering grounds. Steppe buzzards are slightly gregarious in migration, and travel in variously sized flocks. This race migrates in September to October often from [[Asia Minor]] to the [[Cape of Africa]] in about a month but does not cross water, following around the [[Winam Gulf]] of [[Lake Victoria]] rather than crossing the several kilometer wide gulf. Similarly, they will funnel along both sides of the [[Black Sea]]. Migratory behavior of steppe buzzards mirrors those of [[Broad-winged hawk|broad-winged]] & [[Swainson's hawk]]s (''Buteo platypterus'' & ''swainsoni'') in every significant way as similar long-distance migrating ''Buteos'', including trans-equatorial movements, avoidance of large bodies of waters and flocking behaviour.<ref name= Bildstein/><ref name= Brown/> Migrating steppe buzzards will rise up with the morning thermals and can cover an average of hundreds of miles a day using the available currents along mountain ridges and other topographic features. The spring migration for steppe buzzards peaks around March–April, but the latest ''vulpinus'' arrive in their breeding grounds by late April or early May. Distances covered by migrating steppe buzzards in one way flights from northern Europe (i.e. [[Finland]] or [[Sweden]]) to southern Africa have ranged over {{cvt|13000|km}} within a season .<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= Brown/> For the steppe buzzards from eastern and northern Europe and western Russia (which compromise a majority of all steppe buzzards), peak migratory numbers occur in differing areas in autumn, when the largest recorded movements occurs through [[Asia Minor]] such as [[Turkey]], than in spring, when the largest recorded movement are to the south in the [[Middle East]], especially [[Israel]]. The two migratory movements barely differ overall until they reach the [[Middle East]] and east Africa, where the largest volume of migrants in autumn occurs at the southern part of the [[Red Sea]], around [[Djibouti]] and [[Yemen]], while the main volume in spring is in the northernmost strait, around [[Egypt]] and [[Israel]]. In autumn, numbers of steppe buzzards recorded in migration have ranged up to 32,000 (recorded 1971) in northwestern Turkey ([[Bosporus]]) and in northeastern Turkey (Black Sea) up to 205,000 (recorded 1976). Further down in migration, autumn numbers of up to 98,000 have been recorded in passage in [[Djibouti]].<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref>Panuccio, M., Duchi, A., Lucia, G., & Agostini, N. (2017). ''Species-specific behaviour of raptors migrating across the Turkish straits in relation to weather and geography''. Ardeola, 64(2), 305–325.</ref><ref>Porter, R., & Willis, I. (1968). ''The autumn migration of soaring birds at the Bosphorus''. Ibis, 110(4), 520–536.</ref> Between 150,000 and nearly 466,000 Steppe Buzzard have been recorded migrating through Israel during spring, making this not only the most abundant migratory raptor here but one of the largest raptor migrations anywhere in the world.<ref name= Spaar/><ref>Leshem, Y. (1985). ''Israel: an international axis of raptor migration''. ICBP Tech. Publ, 5, 243–250.</ref> Migratory movements of southern Africa buzzards largely occur along the major mountain ranges, such as the [[Drakensberg]] and [[Lebombo Mountains]].<ref name= Steyn/> Wintering steppe buzzards occur far more irregularly in [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] than [[Cape Province|Cape region]] in winter.<ref>Schmitt, M. B., Baur, S., & Von Maltitz, F. (1980). Observations on the Steppe Buzzard in the Transvaal. Ostrich, 51(3), 151–159.</ref> The onset of migratory movement for steppe buzzards back to the breeding grounds in southern Africa is mainly in March, peaking in the second week.<ref name= Steyn/> Steppe buzzard molt their feathers rapidly upon arrival at wintering grounds and seems to split their flight feather molt between breeding ground in Eurasia and wintering ground in southern Africa, the molt pausing during migration.<ref name= Herremans>Herremans, M. (2000). ''The 'chaotic’flight feather moult of the Steppe Buzzard Buteo buteo vulpinus''. Bird Study, 47(3), 332–343.</ref> In last 50 years, it was recorded that nominate buzzards are typically migrating shorter distances and wintering further north, possibly in response to climate change, resulting in relatively smaller numbers of them at migration sites. They are also extending their breeding range possibly reducing/supplanting steppe buzzards.<ref name= Kjellen/><ref>Martín, B., Onrubia, A., & Ferrer, M. A. (2014). ''Effects of climate change on the migratory behavior of the Common Buzzard Buteo buteo''. Climate Research, 60(3), 187–197.</ref><ref>Bensusan, K. J., Garcia, E. F., & Cortes, J. E. (2007). ''Trends in abundance of migrating raptors at Gibraltar in spring''. Ardea, 95(1), 83–91.</ref>