Editing Cognitive behavioral therapy (section)

====Theoretical approaches====
One [[Etiology|etiological]] theory of depression is [[Aaron T. Beck]]'s cognitive theory of depression. His theory states that depressed people think the way they do because their thinking is biased towards negative interpretations. Beck's theory rests on the aspect of cognitive behavioral therapy known as [[Schema (psychology)|schemata]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Turk |first1=Dennis C. |last2=Salovey |first2=Peter |date=1985-02-01 |title=Cognitive structures, cognitive processes, and cognitive-behavior modification: I. client issues |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01178747 |journal=Cognitive Therapy and Research |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1007/BF01178747 |issn=1573-2819}}</ref> Schemata are the mental maps used to integrate new information into memories and to organize existing information in the mind. An example of a [[Schema (psychology)|schema]] would be a person hearing the word "dog" and picturing different versions of the animal that they have grouped together in their mind.<ref name=":0" /> According to this theory, depressed people acquire a negative schema of the world in childhood and adolescence as an effect of stressful life events, and the negative schema is activated later in life when the person encounters similar situations.<ref name="Neale247">{{Cite book|vauthors = Neale JM, Davison GC|title = Abnormal psychology|edition = 8th|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|location = New York|year = 2001|page = [https://archive.org/details/abnormalpsycholo00gera/page/247 247]|isbn = 978-0-471-31811-8|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/abnormalpsycholo00gera/page/247}}</ref>

Beck also described a negative [[Beck's cognitive triad|cognitive triad]]. The cognitive triad is made up of the depressed individual's negative evaluations of themselves, the world, and the future. Beck suggested that these negative evaluations derive from the negative schemata and cognitive biases of the person. According to this theory, depressed people have views such as "I never do a good job", "It is impossible to have a good day", and "things will never get better". A negative schema helps give rise to the cognitive bias, and the cognitive bias helps fuel the negative schema. Beck further proposed that depressed people often have the following cognitive biases: [[arbitrary inference]], [[selective abstraction]], overgeneralization, magnification, and [[Minimisation (psychology)|minimization]]. These cognitive biases are quick to make negative, generalized, and personal inferences of the self, thus fueling the negative schema.<ref name="Neale247" />

On the other hand, a positive cognitive triad relates to a person's positive evaluations of themself, the world, and the future.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Mehta |first1=Mansi H. |last2=Grover |first2=Rachel L. |last3=DiDonato |first3=Theresa E. |last4=Kirkhart |first4=Matthew W. |date=June 2019 |title=Examining the Positive Cognitive Triad: A Link Between Resilience and Well-Being |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033294118773722 |journal=Psychological Reports |language=en |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=776–788 |doi=10.1177/0033294118773722 |pmid=29708049 |issn=0033-2941}}</ref> More specifically, a positive cognitive triad requires [[self-esteem]] when viewing oneself and hope for the future. A person with a positive cognitive triad has a positive schema used for viewing themself in addition to a positive schema for the world and for the future. Cognitive behavioral research suggests a positive cognitive triad bolsters [[Psychological resilience|resilience]], or the ability to cope with stressful events. Increased levels of resilience is associated with greater resistance to [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name=":1" />

Another major theoretical approach to cognitive behavioral therapy treatment is the concept of [[Locus of control|Locus of Control]] outlined in [[Social learning theory|Julian Rotter's Social Learning Theory]]. Locus of control refers to the degree to which an individual's sense of control is either internal or external.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowicki |first1=Stephen |last2=Iles-Caven |first2=Yasmin |last3=Kalechstein |first3=Ari |last4=Golding |first4=Jean |date=June 29, 2021 |title=Editorial: Locus of Control: Antecedents, Consequences and Interventions Using Rotter's Definition |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.698917 |doi-access=free |pmid=34267714|pmc=8275955 }}</ref> An internal locus of control exists when an individual views an outcome of a particular action as being reliant on themselves and their personal attributes whereas an external locus of control exists when an individual views other's or some outside, intangible force such as luck or fate as being responsible for the outcome of a particular action.<ref name=":2" />

A basic concept in some CBT treatments used in anxiety disorders is ''in vivo'' [[Exposure therapy|exposure]]. CBT-exposure therapy refers to the direct confrontation of feared objects, activities, or situations by a patient. For example, a woman with PTSD who fears the location where she was assaulted may be assisted by her therapist in going to that location and directly confronting those fears.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.div12.org/sites/default/files/WhatIsExposureTherapy.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www.div12.org/sites/default/files/WhatIsExposureTherapy.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live|title=What is Exposure Therapy?|author=((American Psychological Association {{!}} Division 12)) |website=div12.org/}}</ref> Likewise, a person with a social anxiety disorder who fears public speaking may be instructed to directly confront those fears by giving a speech.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ptsd.about.com/od/glossary/g/invivo.htm|title = Definition of In Vivo Exposure|publisher = Ptsd.about.com|date = 9 June 2014|access-date = 14 August 2014|archive-date = 19 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160319155913/http://ptsd.about.com/od/glossary/g/invivo.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref> This "two-factor" model is often credited to [[Orval Hobart Mowrer|O. Hobart Mowrer]].<ref>{{Cite book |publisher = Wiley|location = New York|author = Mowrer OH|title = Learning theory and behavior|year = 1960|isbn = 978-0-88275-127-6}}{{Page needed|date = April 2012}}</ref> Through exposure to the stimulus, this harmful conditioning can be "unlearned" (referred to as [[Extinction (psychology)|extinction]] and [[habituation]]).

CBT for children with phobias is normally delivered over multiple sessions, but one-session treatment has been shown to be equally effective and is cheaper.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 2023 |title=One-session treatment is as effective as multi-session therapy for young people with phobias |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/one-session-cbt-treatment-effective-for-young-people-with-phobias/ |journal=NIHR Evidence|doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_57627 |s2cid=258149486 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wright B, Tindall L, Scott AJ, Lee E, Biggs K, Cooper C, Bee P, Wang HI, Gega L, Hayward E, Solaiman K, Teare MD, Davis T, Lovell K, Wilson J, McMillan D, Barr A, Edwards H, Lomas J, Turtle C, Parrott S, Teige C, Chater T, Hargate R, Ali S, Parkinson S, Gilbody S, Marshall D | display-authors = 6 | title = One-session treatment compared with multisession CBT in children aged 7-16 years with specific phobias: the ASPECT non-inferiority RCT | language = EN | journal = Health Technology Assessment | volume = 26 | issue = 42 | pages = 1–174 | date = October 2022 | pmid = 36318050 | pmc = 9638885 | doi = 10.3310/IBCT0609 }}</ref>