Editing Coast (section)

== Types ==
===Emergent coastline===
{{further information|Emergent coastline|Submergent coastline}}
According to one principle of classification, an emergent coastline is a coastline that has experienced a fall in sea level, because of either a global sea-level change, or local uplift. Emergent coastlines are identifiable by the coastal [[landform]]s, which are above the high tide mark, such as [[raised beach]]es. In contrast, a submergent coastline is one where the sea level has risen, due to a global sea-level change, local [[subsidence]], or [[isostatic rebound]]. Submergent coastlines are identifiable by their submerged, or "drowned" landforms, such as [[ria]]s (drowned valleys) and [[fjord]]s

===Concordant coastline===
{{further information|Concordant coastline|Discordant coastline}}
According to the second principle of classification, a concordant coastline is a coastline where bands of different rock types run parallel to the shore. These rock types are usually of varying [[Geological resistance|resistance]], so the coastline forms distinctive landforms, such as coves. Discordant coastlines feature distinctive landforms because the rocks are [[erosion|eroded]] by the ocean [[wave]]s. The less resistant rocks erode faster, creating [[inlet]]s or [[bay]]; the more resistant rocks erode more slowly, remaining as [[headland]]s or [[outcrop]]pings.

===High and low energy coasts===
<!--target for redirect [[High energy coast]], [[High energy underwater environment]], [[Low energy coast]] -->
Parts of a coastline can be categorised as high energy coast or low energy coast. The distinguishing characteristics of a high energy coast are that the average wave energy is relatively high so that erosion of small grained material tends to exceed deposition, and consequently landforms like cliffs, headlands and wave-cut terraces develop.<ref name="field studies" /> Low energy coasts are generally sheltered from waves, or in regions where the average wind wave and swell conditions are relatively mild. Low energy coasts typically change slowly, and tend to be depositional environments.<ref name="Vaia" /> 

High energy coasts are exposed to the direct impact of waves and storms, and are generally erosional environments.<ref name="Vaia" /> High energy storm events can make large changes to a coastline, and can move significant amounts of sediment over a short period, sometimes changing a shoreline configuration.<ref name="Guisado-Pintado and Jackson 2019" />

====Destructive and constructive waves====

Swash is the shoreward flow after the break, backwash is the water flow back down the beach. The relative strength of flow in the swash and backwash determines what size grains are deposited or eroded. This is dependent on how the wave breaks and the slope of the shore.<ref name="field studies method" />
Depending on the form of the breaking wave, its energy can carry granular material up the beach and deposit it, or erode it by carrying more material down the slope than up it. Steep waves that are close together and break with the surf [[plunging breaker|plunging]] down onto the shore slope expend much of their energy lifting the sediment. The weak swash does not carry it far up the slope, and the strong backwash carries it further down the slope, where it either settles in deeper water or is carried along the shore by a longshore current induced by an angled approach of the wave-front to the shore. These waves which erode the beach are called destructive waves.<ref name="BBC" />
Low waves that are further apart and break by [[Spilling breaker|spilling]], expend more of their energy in the swash which carries particles up the beach, leaving less energy for the backwash to transport them downslope, with a net constrictive influence on the beach.<ref name="BBC" />

===Rivieras===
[[File:Cinque Terre (Italy, October 2020) - 11 (50543748322).jpg|thumb|The [[Cinque Terre]], along the [[Italian Riviera]]]]

''Riviera'' is an Italian word for "shoreline",<ref name="Chambers">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=riviera |encyclopedia=Chambers Concise Dictionary |year=2004 |publisher=Allied Chambers |location=New Delhi |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iwWuY9tAVq8C&pg=PA1045 1045] |isbn = 978-81-86062-36-4}}</ref><ref name="Kolb">{{Cite book|first=Martina |last=Kolb |year=2013 |title=Nietzsche, Freud, Benn, and the Azure Spell of Liguria |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=University of Toronto Press |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=I03va9L2GuoC&pg=PA30 30] |isbn=978-1-4426-4329-1 }}</ref><ref>The more common ones are ''puntellare'' and ''litorale''.</ref> ultimately derived from Latin {{Lang|la|ripa}} ("riverbank"). It came to be applied as a proper name to the coast of the [[Ligurian Sea]], in the form ''riviera ligure'', then shortened to ''riviera''.  Historically, the Ligurian Riviera extended from Capo Corvo (Punta Bianca) south of [[Genoa]], north and west into what is now [[France|French]] territory past [[Monaco]] and sometimes as far as [[Marseille]].<ref name="Chambers" /><ref>{{Cite book |first=Rosa |last=Baughan |year=1880 |title=Winter havens in the sunny South, a complete handbook to the Riviera |location=London |publisher=The Bazaar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zg8IAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202104650/https://books.google.com/books?id=zg8IAAAAQAAJ |archive-date=2017-02-02 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Charles B. |last=Black |year=1887 |title=The Riviera, Or The Coast from Marseilles to Leghorn, Including Carrara, Lucca, Pisa, Pistoja and Florence |edition=Third |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Adam and Charles Black |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKsaAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202213756/https://books.google.com/books?id=KKsaAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=2017-02-02 }}</ref> Today, this coast is divided into the [[Italian Riviera]] and the [[French Riviera]], although the French use the term "Riviera" to refer to the Italian Riviera and call the French portion the "Côte d'Azur".<ref name="Kolb" />

As a result of the fame of the Ligurian rivieras, the term came into English to refer to any shoreline, especially one that is sunny, topographically diverse and popular with tourists.<ref name="Chambers" /> Such places using the term include the [[Australian Riviera]] in [[Queensland]] and the [[Turkish Riviera]] along the [[Aegean Sea]].<ref name="Kolb" />

===Other coastal categories===
* A [[cliffed coast]] or abrasion coast is one where marine action has produced steep declivities known as [[cliff]]s.
* A [[flat coast]] is one where the land gradually descends into the sea.
* A [[graded shoreline]] is one where wind and water action has produced a flat and straight coastline.
* A [[primary coast]] isone which is mainly undergoing early stage development by major long-term processes such as tectonism and climate change A [[secondary coast]] is one where the primary processes have mostly stabilised, and more localised processes have become prominent.<ref name="Vaia" />
* An [[erosional coast]] is on average undergoing erosion, while a [[depositional coast]] is accumulating material.<ref name="Vaia" />
*An [[active coast]] is on the edge of a tectonic plate, while a [[passive coast]] is usually on a substantial continental shelf or away from a plate edge.<ref name="Vaia" />